Skip to main content

Abstract

Currently, distributed cyber-physical systems (CPS) rely upon embedded real-time systems, which can guarantee compliance with time constraints. CPS are increasingly required to act and interact with one another in dynamic environments. In the last decades, the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture has proven to be ideal for developing agents with flexible behavior. However, current BDI models can only reason about time and not in time. This lack prevents BDI agents from being adopted in designing CPS, and particularly in safety-critical applications. This paper proposes a revision of the BDI model by integrating real-time mechanisms into the reasoning cycle of the agent. By doing so, the BDI agent can make decisions and execute plans ensuring compliance with strict timing constraints also in dynamic environments, where unpredictable events may occur.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alzetta, F., Giorgini, P.: Towards a real-time BDI model for ROS 2. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2404, pp. 1–7 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bellifemine, F., Poggi, A., Rimassa, G.: JADE-a FIPA-compliant agent framework. In: Proceedings of PAAM, London, vol. 99, p. 33 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Biondi, A., Nesti, F., Cicero, G., Casini, D., Buttazzo, G.: A safe, secure, and predictable software architecture for deep learning in safety-critical systems. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 1 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Biondi, A., Pazzaglia, P., Balsini, A., Di Natale, M.: Logical execution time implementation and memory optimization issues in autosar applications for multicores. In: International Workshop on Analysis Tools and Methodologies for Embedded and Real-time Systems (WATERS) (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bordini, R.H., Bazzan, A.L., de O Jannone, R., Basso, D.M., Vicari, R.M., Lesser, V.R.: AgentSpeak (XL): efficient intention selection in BDI agents via decision-theoretic task scheduling. In: Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: Part 3, pp. 1294–1302 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bordini, R.H., Hübner, J.F., Wooldridge, M.: Programming Multi-agent Systems in AgentSpeak Using Jason, vol. 8. Wiley, Hoboken (2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Bratman, M.: Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason, vol. 10. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bresciani, P., Perini, A., Giorgini, P., Giunchiglia, F., Mylopoulos, J.: Tropos: an agent-oriented software development methodology. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 8(3), 203–236 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Busetta, P., Rönnquist, R., Hodgson, A., Lucas, A.: Jack intelligent agents-components for intelligent agents in Java. AgentLink News Lett. 2(1), 2–5 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Buttazzo, G.C.: Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications, vol. 24. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0676-1

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Calvaresi, D.: Real-time multi-agent systems: challenges, model, and performance analysis (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Calvaresi, D., et al.: Timing reliability for local schedulers in multi-agent systems. In: RTcMAS@ IJCAI, pp. 1–15 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Calvaresi, D., et al.: Local scheduling in multi-agent systems: getting ready for safety-critical scenarios. In: Belardinelli, F., Argente, E. (eds.) EUMAS/AT -2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10767, pp. 96–111. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01713-2_8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Calvaresi, D., Marinoni, M., Sturm, A., Schumacher, M., Buttazzo, G.: The challenge of real-time multi-agent systems for enabling IoT and CPS. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence, pp. 356–364. ACM (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Carrascosa, C., Bajo, J., Julián, V., Corchado, J.M., Botti, V.: Hybrid multi-agent architecture as a real-time problem-solving model. Expert Syst. Appl. 34(1), 2–17 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dastani, M.: 2APL: a practical agent programming language. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 16(3), 214–248 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dragoni, A., Sernani, P., Calvaresi, D.: When rationality entered time and became a real agent in a cyber-society, vol. 2280, pp. 167–171 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hayes-Roth, B.: Architectural foundations for real-time performance in intelligent agents. Real-Time Syst. 2(1–2), 99–125 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Holt, J., Rodd, M.G.: An architecture for real-time distributed artificial intelligent systems. Real-Time Syst. 6(1–2), 263–288 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01088628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Huber, M.J.: JAM: a BDI-theoretic mobile agent architecture. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 236–243. ACM (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Julian, V., Botti, V.: Developing real-time multi-agent systems. Integr. Comput.-Aided Eng. 11(2), 135–149 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Julian, V., Carrascosa, C., Rebollo, M., Soler, J., Botti, V.: SIMBA: an approach for real-time multi-agent systems. In: Escrig, M.T., Toledo, F., Golobardes, E. (eds.) CCIA 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2504, pp. 282–293. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36079-4_25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Kellerer, H., Pferschy, U., Pisinger, D.: The multiple-choice Knapsack problem. In: Kellerer, H., Pferschy, U., Pisinger, D. (eds.) Knapsack Problems, pp. 317–347. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24777-7_11

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu, C.L., Layland, J.W.: Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard-real-time environment. J. ACM (JACM) 20(1), 46–61 (1973)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Logan, B.: An agent programming manifesto. Int. J. Agent-Orientated Softw. Eng. 6, 187–210 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Morley, D., Myers, K.: The spark agent framework. In: Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, vol. 2, pp. 714–721. IEEE Computer Society (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Müller, J.P., Fischer, K.: Application impact of multi-agent systems and technologies: a survey. In: Shehory, O., Sturm, A. (eds.) Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, pp. 27–53. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54432-3_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Musliner, D.J., Durfee, E.H., Shin, K.G.: CIRCA: a cooperative intelligent real-time control architecture. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 23, 1561–1574 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Pokahr, A., Braubach, L., Lamersdorf, W.: Jadex: a BDI reasoning engine. In: Bordini, R.H., Dastani, M., Dix, J., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A. (eds.) Multi-Agent Programming. MSASSO, vol. 15, pp. 149–174. Springer, Boston, MA (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26350-0_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Rao, A.S.: AgentSpeak(L): BDI agents speak out in a logical computable language. In: Van de Velde, W., Perram, J.W. (eds.) MAAMAW 1996. LNCS, vol. 1038, pp. 42–55. Springer, Heidelberg (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0031845

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Rao, A.S., Georgeff, M.P.: Modeling rational agents within a BDI-architecture. KR 91, 473–484 (1991)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. Rodriguez, S., Gaud, N., Galland, S.: SARL: a general-purpose agent-oriented programming language. In: 2014 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT). IEEE (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Stankovic, J.A., Ramamritham, K. (eds.): Tutorial: Hard Real-time Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Vikhorev, K., Alechina, N., Logan, B.: The ARTS real-time agent architecture. In: Dastani, M., El Fallah Segrouchni, A., Leite, J., Torroni, P. (eds.) LADS 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6039, pp. 1–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13338-1_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Winikoff, M.: Challenges and directions for engineering multi-agent systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1209.1428 (2012)

  36. Yao, Y., Logan, B.: Action-level intention selection for BDI agents. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents & Multiagent Systems, pp. 1227–1236. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Davide Calvaresi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Alzetta, F., Giorgini, P., Marinoni, M., Calvaresi, D. (2020). RT-BDI: A Real-Time BDI Model. In: Demazeau, Y., Holvoet, T., Corchado, J., Costantini, S. (eds) Advances in Practical Applications of Agents, Multi-Agent Systems, and Trustworthiness. The PAAMS Collection. PAAMS 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12092. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49778-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49778-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49777-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49778-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics