Abstract
Currently, distributed cyber-physical systems (CPS) rely upon embedded real-time systems, which can guarantee compliance with time constraints. CPS are increasingly required to act and interact with one another in dynamic environments. In the last decades, the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture has proven to be ideal for developing agents with flexible behavior. However, current BDI models can only reason about time and not in time. This lack prevents BDI agents from being adopted in designing CPS, and particularly in safety-critical applications. This paper proposes a revision of the BDI model by integrating real-time mechanisms into the reasoning cycle of the agent. By doing so, the BDI agent can make decisions and execute plans ensuring compliance with strict timing constraints also in dynamic environments, where unpredictable events may occur.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alzetta, F., Giorgini, P.: Towards a real-time BDI model for ROS 2. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2404, pp. 1–7 (2019)
Bellifemine, F., Poggi, A., Rimassa, G.: JADE-a FIPA-compliant agent framework. In: Proceedings of PAAM, London, vol. 99, p. 33 (1999)
Biondi, A., Nesti, F., Cicero, G., Casini, D., Buttazzo, G.: A safe, secure, and predictable software architecture for deep learning in safety-critical systems. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 1 (2019)
Biondi, A., Pazzaglia, P., Balsini, A., Di Natale, M.: Logical execution time implementation and memory optimization issues in autosar applications for multicores. In: International Workshop on Analysis Tools and Methodologies for Embedded and Real-time Systems (WATERS) (2017)
Bordini, R.H., Bazzan, A.L., de O Jannone, R., Basso, D.M., Vicari, R.M., Lesser, V.R.: AgentSpeak (XL): efficient intention selection in BDI agents via decision-theoretic task scheduling. In: Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: Part 3, pp. 1294–1302 (2002)
Bordini, R.H., Hübner, J.F., Wooldridge, M.: Programming Multi-agent Systems in AgentSpeak Using Jason, vol. 8. Wiley, Hoboken (2007)
Bratman, M.: Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason, vol. 10. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1987)
Bresciani, P., Perini, A., Giorgini, P., Giunchiglia, F., Mylopoulos, J.: Tropos: an agent-oriented software development methodology. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 8(3), 203–236 (2004)
Busetta, P., Rönnquist, R., Hodgson, A., Lucas, A.: Jack intelligent agents-components for intelligent agents in Java. AgentLink News Lett. 2(1), 2–5 (1999)
Buttazzo, G.C.: Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications, vol. 24. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0676-1
Calvaresi, D.: Real-time multi-agent systems: challenges, model, and performance analysis (2018)
Calvaresi, D., et al.: Timing reliability for local schedulers in multi-agent systems. In: RTcMAS@ IJCAI, pp. 1–15 (2018)
Calvaresi, D., et al.: Local scheduling in multi-agent systems: getting ready for safety-critical scenarios. In: Belardinelli, F., Argente, E. (eds.) EUMAS/AT -2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10767, pp. 96–111. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01713-2_8
Calvaresi, D., Marinoni, M., Sturm, A., Schumacher, M., Buttazzo, G.: The challenge of real-time multi-agent systems for enabling IoT and CPS. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence, pp. 356–364. ACM (2017)
Carrascosa, C., Bajo, J., Julián, V., Corchado, J.M., Botti, V.: Hybrid multi-agent architecture as a real-time problem-solving model. Expert Syst. Appl. 34(1), 2–17 (2008)
Dastani, M.: 2APL: a practical agent programming language. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 16(3), 214–248 (2008)
Dragoni, A., Sernani, P., Calvaresi, D.: When rationality entered time and became a real agent in a cyber-society, vol. 2280, pp. 167–171 (2018)
Hayes-Roth, B.: Architectural foundations for real-time performance in intelligent agents. Real-Time Syst. 2(1–2), 99–125 (1990)
Holt, J., Rodd, M.G.: An architecture for real-time distributed artificial intelligent systems. Real-Time Syst. 6(1–2), 263–288 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01088628
Huber, M.J.: JAM: a BDI-theoretic mobile agent architecture. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 236–243. ACM (1999)
Julian, V., Botti, V.: Developing real-time multi-agent systems. Integr. Comput.-Aided Eng. 11(2), 135–149 (2004)
Julian, V., Carrascosa, C., Rebollo, M., Soler, J., Botti, V.: SIMBA: an approach for real-time multi-agent systems. In: Escrig, M.T., Toledo, F., Golobardes, E. (eds.) CCIA 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2504, pp. 282–293. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36079-4_25
Kellerer, H., Pferschy, U., Pisinger, D.: The multiple-choice Knapsack problem. In: Kellerer, H., Pferschy, U., Pisinger, D. (eds.) Knapsack Problems, pp. 317–347. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24777-7_11
Liu, C.L., Layland, J.W.: Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard-real-time environment. J. ACM (JACM) 20(1), 46–61 (1973)
Logan, B.: An agent programming manifesto. Int. J. Agent-Orientated Softw. Eng. 6, 187–210 (2017)
Morley, D., Myers, K.: The spark agent framework. In: Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, vol. 2, pp. 714–721. IEEE Computer Society (2004)
Müller, J.P., Fischer, K.: Application impact of multi-agent systems and technologies: a survey. In: Shehory, O., Sturm, A. (eds.) Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, pp. 27–53. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54432-3_3
Musliner, D.J., Durfee, E.H., Shin, K.G.: CIRCA: a cooperative intelligent real-time control architecture. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 23, 1561–1574 (1993)
Pokahr, A., Braubach, L., Lamersdorf, W.: Jadex: a BDI reasoning engine. In: Bordini, R.H., Dastani, M., Dix, J., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A. (eds.) Multi-Agent Programming. MSASSO, vol. 15, pp. 149–174. Springer, Boston, MA (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26350-0_6
Rao, A.S.: AgentSpeak(L): BDI agents speak out in a logical computable language. In: Van de Velde, W., Perram, J.W. (eds.) MAAMAW 1996. LNCS, vol. 1038, pp. 42–55. Springer, Heidelberg (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0031845
Rao, A.S., Georgeff, M.P.: Modeling rational agents within a BDI-architecture. KR 91, 473–484 (1991)
Rodriguez, S., Gaud, N., Galland, S.: SARL: a general-purpose agent-oriented programming language. In: 2014 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT). IEEE (2014)
Stankovic, J.A., Ramamritham, K. (eds.): Tutorial: Hard Real-time Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1989)
Vikhorev, K., Alechina, N., Logan, B.: The ARTS real-time agent architecture. In: Dastani, M., El Fallah Segrouchni, A., Leite, J., Torroni, P. (eds.) LADS 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6039, pp. 1–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13338-1_1
Winikoff, M.: Challenges and directions for engineering multi-agent systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1209.1428 (2012)
Yao, Y., Logan, B.: Action-level intention selection for BDI agents. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents & Multiagent Systems, pp. 1227–1236. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Alzetta, F., Giorgini, P., Marinoni, M., Calvaresi, D. (2020). RT-BDI: A Real-Time BDI Model. In: Demazeau, Y., Holvoet, T., Corchado, J., Costantini, S. (eds) Advances in Practical Applications of Agents, Multi-Agent Systems, and Trustworthiness. The PAAMS Collection. PAAMS 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12092. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49778-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49778-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49777-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49778-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)