Abstract
In this chapter Dube details the process of colonization, the demarcation of the border, and subsequent border restrictions, as well as the establishment of Christian mission stations which played a crucial role in the provision of health services for the Shona people of the border region.
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Notes
- 1.
For an extended discussion of Mozambique-Zimbabwe relations, see Nedson Pophiwa, “The Political and Economic Relations between Mozambique and Zimbabwe, 1890s to the present: A Literature Review” (unpublished paper, University of Zimbabwe, 2005), p. 4.
- 2.
Neil-Tomlinson, “The Mozambique Chartered Company, 1892 to 1910,” 2.
- 3.
Eric Allina-Pisano, “Negotiating Colonialism: Africans, the State, and the Market in Manica District, Mozambique, 1895–c. 1935” (PhD Dissertation, Yale University, May 2002), 47–48.
- 4.
Ndege, Culture and Customs of Mozambique, 8.
- 5.
Allina-Pisano, “Negotiating Colonialism,” 40.
- 6.
See Dube, “‘In the Border Regions of the territory of Rhodesia, There is the Greatest Scourge ….’”
- 7.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions archives, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467 (November 18, 2012).
- 8.
Charles A. Maxfield, “The Formation and Early History of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,” 2001, http://www.maxfieldbooks.com/ABCFM.html (September 14, 2013).
- 9.
R. A. Shiels, “Aldin Grout (1803–1894), a founder of the American Zulu mission in Southern Africa,” Quarterly Bulletin of the South African Library, 49, 4 (1995): 202. See also R. A. Shiels, “Early American Presbyterian missionaries in Southern Africa, Henry Isaac Venable 1834–1839 and Alexander Erwin Wilson 1834–1838,” Quarterly Bulletin of the South African Library 50, 3 (1996): 140–151.
- 10.
J. Smith, A History of the American Board Missions in Africa (Boston, MA: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Congregational House, 1905), 28.
- 11.
Mount Selinda is modern name for Mount Silinda. It is an Anglicized version of Chirinda, the Ndau name for this area. In Zimbabwe, the ABCFM would come to be known simply as the “American Board Mission.”
- 12.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Archives, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. (hereafter ABCFM) 15.6 Box 1, Report of Sub-Committee accepted and adopted by the Prudential Committee, February 14, 1893.
- 13.
ABCFM, 15.4, vol. 23, Report of the East Central Africa Mission under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1901.
- 14.
ABCFM, 15.4 vol. 32, First Annual Report of Gogoyo Mission Station, 1917.
- 15.
ABCFM, 15.6, Box 1, “Report of Sub-Committee accepted and adopted by the Prudential Committee,” February 14, 1893.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
ABCFM 15.4, volume 23, Report of East Central Africa Mission under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions—submitted by the Congregational Church of the United States and Canada, 1901.
- 18.
ABCFM 15.4, volume 32, Special Meeting of the Rhodesia Branch of American Board Mission in South Africa, Mt Silinda. October, 15–17, 1912.
- 19.
ABCFM 15.4, volume 32, “First Annual Report of Gogoyo Mission Station,” 1917.
- 20.
Rennie, “Christianity, Colonialism and the Origins of Nationalism,” 65.
- 21.
Vaughan, Curing their Ills, 57.
- 22.
For more on Christian missions and nationalism, see Rennie, “Christianity, Colonialism and the Origins of Nationalism,” A. Helgesson, “Catholics and Protestants in a clash of interests in Southern Africa,” in Religion and Politics in Southern Africa, ed. C. Hallenceutz and M. Palmberg (Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies: Seminar Proceedings, no. 24, 1991), 194–206, and Teresa Cruz e Silva, Protestant Churches and the Formation of Political Consciousness in Southern Mozambique, 1930–1974 (Basel: P Schlettwein Publishing, 2001).
- 23.
For more on the Portuguese colonial administration, see Leroy Vail, “Mozambique’s Chartered Companies: The Rule of the Feeble,” The Journal of African History 17, 3 (1976): 389–416, Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900–1982 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983), and Elizabeth Lunstrum, “State Rationality, Development, and the Making of State Territory: From Colonial Extraction to Postcolonial Conservation in Southern Mozambique,” in Christina Folke Ax, ed., Cultivating The Colonies: Colonial States and Their Environmental Legacies (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011), 110.
- 24.
For Anglo-Portuguese efforts to control livestock diseases, see Dube, “‘In the Border Regions of the Territory of Rhodesia.’”
- 25.
Deborah Neill, Networks in Tropical Medicine: Internationalism, Colonialism, and the Rise of a Medical Specialty, 1890–1930 (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2012), 2–3. See also Maureen Malowany, “Unfinished Agendas: Writing the History of Medicine of Sub-Saharan Africa,” African Affairs 99 (2000): 325–349.
- 26.
Barry Neil-Tomlinson, “The Mozambique Chartered Company, 1892 to 1910,” 21.
- 27.
Ibid., 30.
- 28.
Ndege, Culture and Customs of Mozambique, 15. The neighboring British colonies included South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Zambia.
- 29.
Leon P. Spencer, Toward an African Church in Mozambique: Kamba Simango and the Protestant Community in Manica and Sofala, 1892–1945 (Mzuzu: Mzuni Press, 2013), 26.
- 30.
David Hedges, introduction to Protestant Churches and the Formation of Political Consciousness in Southern Mozambique, 1930–1974 (Basel: P Schlettwein Publishing, 2001), xii.
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
G. Jan van Butselaar, “The Role of Churches in the Peace Process in Africa: The Case of Mozambique Compared,” in The Changing Face of Christianity: Africa, the West, and the World, ed. Lamin Sanneh and Joel A. Carpenter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 102.
- 34.
Hedges, introduction, xii–xiii.
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
Cruz e Silva, Protestant Churches and the Formation of Political Consciousness, 2. For a more in-depth discussion on the relationship between church and state in Portugal and its colonies, see G. Jan van Butselaar, “The Role of Churches in the Peace Process in Africa,” 101–103, Spencer, Toward an African Church in Mozambique, 26, and Ndege, Culture and Customs of Mozambique, 23.
- 37.
For more on forced labor, see Charles Van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900–1933 (London: Pluto Press, 1976).
- 38.
Palmer, Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia, 38.
- 39.
Ibid., 41.
- 40.
Ibid. Dunbar Moodie named the area Melsetter after the town where he came from in Scotland.
- 41.
Ibid., 38–39.
- 42.
Ibid., 41.
- 43.
Ibid. Native Commissioners were members of the Native (African Affairs) Department responsible for representing African interests. They were some of the early critics of colonial state policies.
- 44.
Alexander, The Unsettled Land, 19.
- 45.
Palmer, Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia, 90.
- 46.
Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo, A History of Zimbabwe, 1890–2000 and Postscript, 2001–2008 (New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 17.
- 47.
Palmer, Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia, 44.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
Ibid.
- 50.
Ibid., 57.
- 51.
Ibid., 61–62.
- 52.
Ibid., 80.
- 53.
Ibid., 81–82.
- 54.
Ibid., 89.
- 55.
Ibid., 96–97.
- 56.
Ian Phimister, An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe, 1890–1948: Capital Accumulation and Class Struggle (London: Longman, 1988), 184–185.
- 57.
Ibid., 185.
- 58.
Ibid., 196.
- 59.
Ibid., 196.
- 60.
Donald S. Moore, Suffering for Territory: Race, Place, and Power in Zimbabwe (Durham, Duke University Press, 2005), 83.
- 61.
Ibid., 83.
- 62.
Ibid., 85.
- 63.
Alexander, The Unsettled Land, 56.
- 64.
Ibid., 95.
- 65.
See, Allina, Slavery By Any Other Name.
- 66.
See Allen Isaacman, Cotton is the Mother of Poverty: Peasants, Work, and Rural Struggle in Colonial Mozambique, 1938–1961 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996) and Allen Isaacman and Richard Roberts (eds.), Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History in Sub-Saharan Africa (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995).
- 67.
Isaacman and Isaacman, Mozambique, 32.
- 68.
Ibid., 41.
- 69.
Ibid., 53. See also Lunstrum, “State Rationality, Development, and the Making of State Territory,” 110.
- 70.
For more on the oppressive practices of the colonial state, see Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, “Mapping Cultural and Colonial Encounters, 1880s–1930s,” in Brian Raftopoulos and A. S. Mlambo eds, Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 (Harare, Weaver Press, 2009), 64, A. S. Mlambo, “From the Second World War to UDI, 1940–1965,” in Brian Raftopoulos and A. S. Mlambo eds, Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 (Harare, Weaver Press, 2009), 76, and Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyankudya and Teresa Barnes, “Social and Economic Developments during the UDI Period,” in Brian Raftopoulos and A. S. Mlambo eds, Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 (Harare, Weaver Press, 2009), 115–140.
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Dube, F. (2020). The Imposition of the Border and the Creation of a Public Health Problem. In: Public Health at the Border of Zimbabwe and Mozambique, 1890–1940. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47535-2_3
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