Making Atomic Dreams Real: 1956–1958

Low, Morris

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47198-9_7

Making Atomic Dreams Real: 1956–1958

Morris Low⁴

Chapter
First Online: 29 May 2020

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology ((PSHST))

Abstract

Japan’s dream of introducing nuclear power became more real during the years 1956–1958. The period coincided with the extended absence overseas of the Hiroshima panels painted by Akamatsu Toshiko and Maruki Iri. Key figures such as media mogul Shōriki Matsutarō and the politician Nakasone Yasuhiro played leading roles in promoting civilian nuclear power during this period. The Atoms for Peace exhibition continued its tour of Japan in 1956 and the Atomic Energy Basic Law came into effect. Nuclear infrastructure was established during this crucial time and foreign experts such as Christopher Hinton (UK Atomic Energy Authority) visited Japan, spruiking the merits of the British Calder Hall reactor which Americans criticized but which was nevertheless purchased by the Japanese, followed by orders for American light-water reactors. This chapter outlines the rivalry between the UK, USA and USSR, all vying for Japanese attention at conferences, trade fairs and international exhibitions.

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Notes

1.
Koichirō Kurihara, “Atom Boss Likely to Become Man of the Year 1956,” Nippon Times, 1 Jan. 1956, 11.
2.
“Genshiryoku heiwa riyō no yume” (“The Dream of Atoms for Peace”), Yomiuri Shimbun, 1 Jan. 1956, 9.
3.
“Genshiryoku heiwa riyō no yume.”
4.
“Genshiryoku heiwa riyō no yume.”
5.
“Genshiryoku heiwa riyō no yume.”
6.
“Josei to genshiryoku” (“Women and Atomic Energy”), Yomiuri Shimbun, 1 Jan. 1956, 9.
7.
Kanō, Mikiyo, “‘Genshiryoku no heiwa riyō’ to kindai kazoku” (“‘Atoms for Peace’ and the Modern Family”), Jendaa shigaku (The History of Gender), no. 11 (2015): 5–19, esp. 19.
8.
For details see George O. Totten and Tamio Kawakami, “Gensuikyō and the Peace Movement in Japan,” Asian Survey 4, no. 5 (May 1964): 833–841; Wesley Sasaki-Uemura, Organizing the Spontaneous: Citizen Protest in Postwar Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001), 122–124; Joseph Orr, The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001), 49–52.
9.
Muto Ichiyo, “The Buildup of a Nuclear Armament Capability and the Postwar Statehood of Japan: Fukushima and the Genealogy of Nuclear Bombs and Power Plants,” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 14, no. 2 (2013): 171–212, esp. 173–174.
10.
Aichi Prefectural Library, “Kaikan kara 50-nen” (“50 Years Since Opening”), accessed 9 Dec., 2018, https://websv.aichi-pref-library.jp/event/aichitoshokan_chirashi.pdf
11.
Foster Hailey, “U.S. Top Exhibitor at Japanese Fair,” New York Times, 5 Apr. 1956, 41.
12.
“Osaka Fair Opens under Heavy Rain,” New York Times, 9 Apr. 1956, 35.
13.
David E. Nye, American Technological Sublime (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994), 216.
14.
Hailey, “U.S. Top Exhibitor at Japanese Fair.”
15.
Foster Hailey, “Japanese Found in Dark About Us,” New York Times, 16 Apr. 1956, 36.
16.
US Government, “Participation of the Sino-Soviet Bloc in International Trade Fairs and Exhibits,” Intelligence Memorandum, IM-430, Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Reports, 1 May, 1956.
17.
“Osaka Fair Opens under Heavy Rain.”
18.
“1,000,000 in Hiroshima Visit U.S. Atom Exhibit,” Nippon Times, 2 Jun. 1956, 3.
19.
Ryuichi Kanari, “U.S. Used Hiroshima to Bolster Support for Nuclear Power,” Asahi Shimbun, 25 Jul. 2011, Asahi Shimbun database. See also Ran Zwigenberg, Hiroshima: The Origins of Global Memory Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 114–115.
20.
See NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), “Hiroshima: Bakushinchi Genshiryoku Heiwa Riyō Hakurankai” (“Hiroshima: Ground Zero, Atoms for Peace Exhibition”), ETV tokushū (E Television Special Report), 2014, accessed 29 Jan. 2020, http://www.nhk.or.jp/etv21c/file/2014/1018.html
21.
Moritaki Ichirō, Kaku zettai hitei e no ayumi (Steps toward Absolute Negation of the Nuclear (Hiroshima: Keisuisha, 1994). Cited in Muto, “The Buildup of a Nuclear Armament Capability and the Postwar Statehood of Japan,” 176.
22.
Kanari, “U.S. Used Hiroshima to Bolster Support for Nuclear Power.”
23.
See Hidankyō (Japan Confederation of Atomic and Hydrogen Bomb Sufferers Organizations), “Message to the World,” 10 Aug. 1956, accessed 10 Dec., 2018, http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/rn_page/english/message.html. Cited in Zwigenberg, Hiroshima, 127.
24.
Foreign Service Despatch from USIS Tokyo to USIA Washington, “Small Atoms for Peace Exhibit,” 18 April, 1957, Japan – Atomic Energy 1957, RG 469, Box 32, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1942–1963, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
25.
Foreign Service Despatch, “Small Atoms for Peace Exhibit.”
26.
Foreign Service Despatch, “Small Atoms for Peace Exhibit.” See also Tsuchiya Yuka, “The Atoms for Peace USIS Films: Spreading the Gospel of the ‘Blessing’ of Atomic Energy in the Early Cold War Era,” International Journal of Korean History 19, no. 2 (Aug. 2014), 107–135, esp. 120–121.
27.
Foreign Service Despatch, “Small Atoms for Peace Exhibit;” Tsuchiya, “The Atoms for Peace USIS Films,” 120–121.
28.
“Activities of Japan Atomic Energy Commission in 1956,” Atoms in Japan 1, no. 1 (May 1957): 5–7; Morris Low, Shigeru Nakayama and Hitoshi Yoshioka, Science, Technology and Society in Contemporary Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 74.
29.
US Atomic Energy Commission, Memorandum from Clark D. Goodman to John A. Hall through W. Kenneth Davis, “Nuclear Energy Developments in Japan”, 18 Apr. 1956, Appendix B, 1, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Office of the Secretary, Special Assistant to Secretary of State for Atomic Energy and Outer Space, General Records Relating to Atomic Energy Matters, 1948–1962, NND 949670, Box 425, US National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
30.
Goodman to Hall, “Nuclear Energy Developments in Japan”, 18 Apr. 1956, Appendix B, 2.
31.
Goodman to Hall, “Nuclear Energy Developments in Japan”, 18 Apr. 1956, 1.
32.
Goodman to Hall, “Nuclear Energy Developments in Japan”, 18 Apr. 1956, 1.
33.
US Atomic Energy Commission, Memorandum from Clark D. Goodman to John A. Hall through W. Kenneth Davis, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 20 Apr, 1956, 1, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Office of the Secretary, Special Assistant to Secretary of State for Atomic Energy and Outer Space, General Records Relating to Atomic Energy Matters, 1948–1962, NND 949670, Box 425, US National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
34.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 2.
35.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 2.
36.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 3–4.
37.
“A Policy on Atomic Power,” editorial, Japan Times, 3 Dec. 1956, 8.
38.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 2.
39.
“Calder Hall Opening,” editorial, Japan Times, 19 Oct. 1956, 8.
40.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 5.
41.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 6.
42.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 6.
43.
Goodman to Hall, “Nuclear Energy Developments in Japan”, 18 Apr. 1956, Appendix A.
44.
Goodman to Hall, “Political Notes from Visit to Japan”, 6.
45.
“A-Expert Arrives,” Nippon Times, 17 May, 1956, 2.
46.
“A-Expert Arrives.”
47.
Tak Ishii, “Hinton Says A-Reactors Safer Than Other Plants,” Nippon Times, 19 May, 1956, 3.
48.
Ishii, “Hinton Says A-Reactors Safer Than Other Plants.”
49.
Ishii, “Hinton Says A-Reactors Safer Than Other Plants.”
50.
“Genshiryoku hatsuden dai-kōenkai” (“Big Conference on Nuclear Power Generation”), Yomiuri Shimbun, 14 May, 1956, 7.
51.
“Japanese Battle over Atomic Reactors,” Times, 29 May, 1957, 9.
52.
Stephen Twigge, “The Atomic Marshall Plan: Atoms for Peace, British Diplomacy and Civil Nuclear Power,” Cold War History 16, no. 2 (2016): 1–18, esp. 5.
53.
Roger Williams, “British Nuclear Power Policies,” in, Energy Economics in Britain, ed. Paul Tempest (London: Graham and Trotman, 1983), 35–58, esp. 35–36.
54.
See M. Susan Lindee, Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), note 57, 160.
55.
Robert N. Slawson, AEC, “Memorandum to the Files: Meeting on Japan – Medical Reactor Proposal,” 2 May, 1956, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Office of the Secretary, Special Assistant to Secretary of State for Atomic Energy and Outer Space, General Records Relating to Atomic Energy Matters, 1948–1962, NND 949670, Box 425, US National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
56.
Slawson, “Memorandum to the Files,” 2 May, 1956.
57.
Slawson, “Memorandum to the Files,” 2 May, 1956.
58.
Robert N. Slawson, AEC, “Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Dr. Yukitoki Takikawa, President of Kyoto University,” 22 May, 1956, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Office of the Secretary, Special Assistant to Secretary of State for Atomic Energy and Outer Space, General Records Relating to Atomic Energy Matters, 1948–1962, NND 949670, Box 425, US National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
59.
Michael Sapir and Sam J. Van Hyning, The Outlook for Nuclear Power in Japan, Reports on the Productive Uses of Nuclear Energy (Washington DC: National Planning Association, Jun. 1956), esp. 112.
60.
Sapir and Van Hyning, The Outlook for Nuclear Power in Japan, 112.
61.
Goodman to Hall, “Nuclear Energy Developments in Japan”, 18 Apr. 1956, 7.
62.
“Japan Backs Harwell,” Economist, 16 Jun. 1956, 1120.
63.
“Japan Backs Harwell.”
64.
“A-Power Program Not Yet Crystallized,” Atoms in Japan 1, no. 1 (May 1957): 2–4, esp. 2.
65.
Sir Christopher Hinton, “Atomic Power in Britain,” Scientific American 198, no. 3 (Mar. 1958): 29–35.
66.
“October 17, 1956 – The Day Which Saw the Beginning of a New Age,” The Illustrated London News, 27 Oct. 1956, 691–693.
67.
“October 17, 1956 – The Day Which Saw the Beginning of a New Age.”
68.
“Atomic Power Arrives,” Economist, 20 Oct. 1956, 257.
69.
C.N. Hill, An Atomic Empire: A Technical History of the Rise and Fall of the British Atomic Energy Programme (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2013), 179.
70.
Hill, An Atomic Empire, 179.
71.
“Atomic Power Arrives,” Economist, 20 Oct. 1956, 257.
72.
John Krige, “The Peaceful Atom as Political Weapon: Euratom and American Foreign Policy in the Late 1950s,” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 38, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 5–44, esp. 17. See also “Our Nuclear Power Stations,” Guardian, 2 Dec. 1964, 18.
73.
“Atomic Achievement: Transcript,” UK National Archives, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/films/1951to1964/filmpage_atomic.htm
74.
“Atomic Achievement: Transcript.”
75.
Christopher Aldous, “Masking or Marking Britain’s Decline? The British Council and Cultural Diplomacy in Japan, 1952–1970,” in The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000: Vol. 5, Social and Cultural Perspectives, eds. Gordon Daniels and Chushichi Tsuzuki (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 330–351, esp. 339.
76.
“Japanese Interest in Atom Station,” Times, 17 Nov. 1956, 6.
77.
“A-Power Mission Head Suggests U.K. Reactor,” Japan Times, 28 Nov. 1956, 3.
78.
“Power Reactor Salesmanship,” Times, 1 Apr. 1957, 9.
79.
“Power Reactor Salesmanship,” Times, 1 Apr. 1957, 9.
80.
“U.S. Out to Win Reactor Race,” Times, 14 May, 1957, 8.
81.
Douglas MacArthur II, “Atomic Forum,” Japan Times, 14 May, 1957, 8.
82.
“MacArthur Calls for Atom Energy Cooperation,” Japan Times, 14 May, 1957, 1.
83.
“Press Comments,” Japan Times, 14 May, 1957, 8.
84.
“Kishi Denies Gov’t Seeking A-Weapons,” Japan Times, 15 May, 1957, 1.
85.
John W. Finney, “British Reactor Given Cost Edge,” New York Times, 19 May, 1957, 7. See also “Bei dōryoku ro, Ei ni masaru” (“US Power Reactor Superior to British”), Asahi Shimbun, evening edition, 13 May, 1957, 1; “Sekkyokutekna ‘makikaeshi saku’” (“Aggressive ‘Rollback Policy’”), Asahi Shimbun, 14 May, 1957, 1.
86.
A. Puishes, D.P. Herron, D.R. Mash and J.W. Webster, Comparison of Calder Hall and PWR Reactor Types, prepared for Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (Redwood City, Calif.: Atomic Energy Division, American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, 1 Mar. 1957). See the Summary, 3.
87.
Finney, “British Reactor Given Cost Edge;” “Bei dōryoku ro, Ei ni masaru.”
88.
Kazuhisa Mori, “Atomic Bombing and Nuclear Energy Development in Japan,” Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, 1995, typescript, Yukawa Hall Archival Library, Kyoto University, accessed 11 Dec. 2018, https://www2.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yhal.oj/Mori/Mori1Q/Reports02/IMG_0025.pdf
89.
“U.S. Out to Win Reactor Race.” The content of the Times article was report on in Japan in “Davis Criticized,” Japan Times, 15 May, 1957, 2.
90.
Our Own Representative, “U.S. Ousts British Atom Plant,” Sunday Times, 19 May, 1957, 17.
91.
“Atomic Gamesmanship,” Business Notes, Economist, 1 Jun. 1957, 815.
92.
Our Parliamentary Correspondent, “U.S. Reactor Comments Deplored,” Financial Times, 29 May, 1957, 9.
93.
“Nichibei genshiryoku sangyō tenrankai” (“US Japan Atomic Industries Exhibition”), Genshiryoku Sangyō Shimbun (Atomic Industry Newspaper), 25 Feb. 1957, 1.
94.
“Joint Conference Opens,” Atoms in Japan, Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, 1, no. 1 (May 1957), 23.
95.
Dick Horning, “Japan’s Own Reactor,” Japan Times, 14 May, 1957, 8.
96.
“Genshiryoku heiwa riyō to seishōnen no kai” (“Meeting on ‘Atoms for Peace’ and Youth”), Genshiryoku Sangyō Shimbun (Atomic Industry Newspaper), 15 Apr. 1957, 3.
97.
Associated Press, “Industrialists Call for U.S. Help in Building Atomic Reactors Here,” Japan Times, 16 May, 1957, 1.
98.
Kiyoaki Murata, “Nuclear Power in Japan’s Future,” Japan Times, 18 May, 1957, 8.
99.
“Japan to Buy British and U.S. Reactors,” Times, 24 May, 1957, 8; “Japanese Battle over Atomic Reactors.”
100.
“First Uranium Fuel Is Flown Into Japan,” Japan Times, 28 May, 1957, 1.
101.
Associated Press, “GE Proposes to Construct Atomic Plant for Japan,” Japan Times, 28 May, 1957, 1.
102.
Hubert G. Schenck, “Impact of Science in East Asia,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 14, no. 7 (Sept. 1958): 273–275, esp. 274.
103.
Japan also contributed funds to US nuclear R&D programs in the 1960s and paid licence fees to the US Atomic Energy Commission and its successor bodies for the provision of nuclear fuel. See Phyllis Genther Yoshida, U.S.-Japan Nuclear Cooperation: The Significance of July 2018 (Washington, DC: Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA, 2018), accessed 9 Dec. 2018, https://spfusa.org/research/u-s-japan-nuclear-cooperation-the-significance-of-july-2018/
104.
Foreign Service Despatch from USIS Tokyo to USIA Washington, “ICS: Disposition of Atoms for Peace Exhibit,” 12 Apr. 1957, Japan – Atomic Energy 1957, RG 469, Box 32, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1942–1963, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park.
105.
Muto, “The Buildup of a Nuclear Armament Capability and the Postwar Statehood of Japan,” 174.
106.
For an account of a visit to the pavilion see Hiroshoma Fukkō Daihakurankaishi Henshū Iinkai, Hiroshima Fukkō Daihakurankaishi (Report of the Grand Exhibition of the Reconstruction of Hiroshima) (Hiroshima: Hiroshima City Hall, 1959), 98–102.
107.
Yuki Tanaka, “‘The Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy’ and Hiroshima” in Yuki Tanaka and Peter Kuznick, “Japan, the Atomic Bomb, and the ‘Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Power,’” Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 9, 18, no. 1 (2 May, 2011), accessed 13 Dec. 2018, https://apjjf.org/2011/9/18/Yuki-Tanaka/3521/article.html
108.
Hiroshima-shi Sōmukyoku Sōmuka, Shisei yōran (Hiroshima City General Affairs Bureau, General Affairs Division), Shisei yōran (Municipal Handbook) (Hiroshima: Hiroshima City Hall, 1959), 64; Tanaka, “‘The Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy’”; Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, “Hiroshima no fukkō” (“Reconstruction of Hiroshima”), accessed 13 Dec. 2018, http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/Peace/J/pHiroshima4_3.html
109.
“Ōsaka de kaisai shita kokusai mihon’ichi no Soren genshiryoku kan” (“The Soviet Atomic Energy Pavilion at the International Trade Fair held in Osaka,” Genshiryoku Sangyō Shimbun (Atomic Industry Newspaper), 15 Apr. 1958, 1.
110.
Wendell D. Baker, Research Office, USIS, US Embassy, Tokyo, “Brief Summary of Methodology and Major Findings, Osaka Trade Fair Study, April 17–26, 1958,” May 1958, RG306, Records of the USIA, Office of Research, Country Project Files, Japan 1958, Box 64, ARC ID 1065787, US National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD; “1958-nen Nihon Kokusai Mihon’ichi kara” (“Inspecting Round the Japan International Trade Fair, Osaka”), 1958, technical paper, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tohoku Centre, accessed 29 Dec. 2018, https://unit.aist.go.jp/tohoku/techpaper/pdf/3888.pdf
111.
Michelle Jeandron, “The Atomium Marks a Half Century,” Physics World (April 2008), 7; Stephen Petersen, “Explosive Propositions: Artists React to the Atomic Age,” Science in Context 17, no. 4 (Dec. 2004): 579–609, esp. 599–600.
112.
“Belgium and Japan Seek 1st ‘A-for-Peace’ Power,” Washington Post, 15 Feb. 1955, 5.
113.
Nakajima (Special Correspondent), “Genshiryoku jidai no Brusseru kokusai hakurankai” (“The Atomic Age Brussels International Exposition”), Yomiuri Shimbun, 11 May, 1958, evening edition, 2.
114.
Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 105–106.
115.
Robert Hamilton Haddow, “Material Culture and the Cold War: International Trade Fairs and the American Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair,” (PhD dissertation, 2 vols., University of Minnesota, 1994), Vol. 1, 130–131.
116.
Jonathan M. Reynolds, Maekawa Kunio and the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), esp. 212–13.
117.
Ueno (Special Correspondent), “Brusseru bankokuhaku hiraku” (“The Brussels Expo Opens”), Yomiuri Shimbun, 18 Apr. 1958, 3.
118.
“Burasseru Bankoku Haku Nihon sanka keikaku” (“Plans for Japanese Participation in the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition”), Kōgei nyūsu (Industrial Art News), 26, no. 3 (Mar.-Apr. 1958), 2–31, esp. 10.
119.
“Burasseru Bankoku Haku Nihon sanka keikaku,” esp. 12.
120.
“Burasseru Bankoku Haku Nihon sanka keikaku,” esp. 14.
121.
“Burasseru Bankoku Haku Nihon sanka keikaku,” esp. 16.
122.
“Atoms for Peace,” Japan Times, 1 Sept. 1958, 5.
123.
Kyodo-Reuter, “Japan May Reveal New Information at H-Parley,” Japan Times, 1 Sept. 1958, 1.
124.
Associated Press, “U.S. Geneva Exhibit Reveals New Data,” Japan Times, 2 Sept. 1958, 1.
125.
“Atomic Conference,” editorial, Japan Times, 2 Sept. 1958, 8.
126.
Associated Press, “U.S. Geneva Exhibit Reveals New Data.”
127.
“Atomic Conference.”
128.
Sir John Cockcroft and Peter Collins, “Cheaper Nuclear Power in Five Years,” Sunday Times, 31 Aug. 1958, 12.
129.
“Cockcroft Visits Tokai A-Facilities,” Japan Times, 22 Nov. 1958, 6.
130.
“‘Eikoku no genshiryoku kaihatsu keikaku’ o setsumei” (“An Explanation of British Plans for the Development of Atomic Energy”), Genshiryoku Sangyō Shimbun, 25 Nov. 1958, 2.
131.
Our Tokyo Correspondent, “Sir J. Cockcroft Allays Tokyo Fears about Reactors,” Times, 27 Nov., 1958, 9.
132.
Watanabe, Seiki, “The Road to Atomic Power,” Japan Quarterly 5, no. 4 (1 Oct. 1958): 418–425, esp. 421.
133.
Our Own Correspondent, “British Reactor for Japan,” Times, 23 Dec. 1959, 6; “Japanese A-Power Contract Signed,” Financial Times, 23 Dec. 1959, 7.
134.
John Foster, “The Development of Nuclear Power,” in Special Symposium: 50 Years of Nuclear Fission in Review, ed. Malcolm Harvey, Ottawa, 5 Jun. 1989, Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference, Canadian Nuclear Society, Vol. 1, accessed 19 Dec. 2018, https://cns-snc.ca/media/history/fifty_years/foster.html

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Morris Low

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Low, M. (2020). Making Atomic Dreams Real: 1956–1958. In: Visualizing Nuclear Power in Japan. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47198-9_7

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47198-9_7
Published: 29 May 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-47197-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-47198-9
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