Abstract
GDP-linked bonds (GLBs) have been the subject of recurrent debates among economists and financial market participants but no major debt office has so far decided to launch them. Issuers remain skeptical about the practical feasibility or desirability of these securities, citing potentially high risk premia and various technical issues, including GDP data integrity and revisions, moral hazard and adverse selection. Against this backdrop, we discuss the key features of these securities and we argue that technical difficulties can be resolved, especially if standardized terms are agreed at the international level and statistical offices agree to publish dedicated GDP series. From the standpoint of investors, GLBs would provide direct exposure to GDP growth of a country or basket of countries without running into the more complex valuation issues that characterize equities. Long-dated GLBs also have the interesting feature that their duration may offset the impact of changes in GDP growth expectations. For issuers, regular issuance of long-dated GLBs would gradually raise the share of liabilities indexed to GDP. In the event of a major economic downturn, the debt-to-GDP ratio would rise more moderately than if all debt consisted of conventional bonds. In the limit case of GLBs accounting for the whole stock of public debt and without a price floor, the debt-to-GDP ratio would not change at all apart from the cyclical change in the budget balance.
The views expressed in this note are personal and do represent the official position of the Italian Treasury.
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Notes
- 1.
Key findings are summarized in OECD (2018).
- 2.
See the Executive Board Assessment in IMF (2017).
- 3.
- 4.
ICMA (2017).
- 5.
In EU countries, annual GDP data typically become ‘final’ after 2 years, frequently leading to significant revisions to the quarterly series. If one assumes that the final annual data are the ‘true’ level of GDP, the quarterly estimates that are available say, 4 months after the end of a quarter, should still be viewed as preliminary, which can lead to significant errors. It is thus important to balance out these errors over time (if one assumes that the estimation method does not suffer from systematic errors).
- 6.
- 7.
The introduction of GLBs would provide a strong stimulus to research on long-term GDP growth forecasting. The most common approach is to use a production-function method to estimate long-term real GDP growth and add to it an inflation (or GDP deflator) forecast broadly consistent with the central bank’s inflation target. The average growth rate of Germany’s GDP deflator in the 1999–2017 was 2.1%. A prudential forecast of Germany’s nominal GDP growth in the 2020–2040 period would thus be 3.2% (1.2 real plus 2.0 deflator growth).
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Barbieri Hermitte, R. (2020). GDP-Linked Bonds: A Proposal Worth Looking Into. In: Paganetto, L. (eds) Capitalism, Global Change and Sustainable Development. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46143-0_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46143-0_5
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