Abstract
Although viruses lack many of the social adaptations shown by more complex organisms, different types of social interactions have been unraveled in viruses. Phage research has contributed significantly to the development of this field, called sociovirology, with the discovery of processes such as intracellular and extracellular public good production, prudent host exploitation, cheating, and inter-phage communication. We here review and discuss these processes from a social evolution approach. Similar to other organisms, the origin and maintenance of phage-phage interactions can be explained using kin selection, group selection and game theory approaches. Key determinants of phage social evolution include genetic relatedness, spatial population structure, and frequency-dependent selection, among others. Finally, we discuss possible applications of phage social interactions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abedon ST (2015) Bacteriophage secondary infection. Virol Sin 30:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-014-3547-2
Andreu-Moreno I, Sanjuán R (2018) Collective infection of cells by viral aggregates promotes early viral proliferation and reveals a cellular-level Allee effect. Curr Biol 28:3212–3219.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.028
Andreu-Moreno I, Sanjuán R (2019) Collective viral spread mediated by virion aggregates promotes the evolution of defective interfering particles. MBio. (in press)
Birch J (2018) Kin selection, group selection, and the varieties of population structure. Br J Philos Sci. axx028. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axx028
Biryukov J, Meyers C (2018) Superinfection exclusion between two high-risk human papillomavirus types during a coinfection. J Virol 92:e01993–e01917. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01993-17
Bondy-Denomy J, Pawluk A, Maxwell KL, Davidson AR (2013) Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system. Nature 493:429–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11723
Bondy-Denomy J, Qian J, Westra ER, Buckling A, Guttman DS, Davidson AR, Maxwell KL (2016) Prophages mediate defense against phage infection through diverse mechanisms. ISME J 10:2854–2866. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2016.79
Boots M, Mealor M (2007) Local interactions select for lower pathogen infectivity. Science 315:1284–1286. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137126
Broecker F, Moelling K (2019) Evolution of immune systems from viruses and transposable elements. Front Microbiol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00051
Brouns SJJ, Jore MM, Lundgren M, Westra ER, Slijkhuis RJH, Snijders APL, Dickman MJ, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, van der Oost J (2008) Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes. Science 321:960–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159689
Díaz-Muñoz SL, Sanjuán R, West S (2017) Sociovirology: conflict, cooperation, and communication among viruses. Cell Host Microbe 22:437–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.012
Doceul V, Hollinshead M, van der Linden L, Smith GL (2010) Repulsion of superinfecting virions: a mechanism for rapid virus spread. Science 327:873–876. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183173
Domingo-Calap P, Segredo-Otero E, Durán-Moreno M, Sanjuán R (2019) Social evolution of innate immunity evasion in a virus. Nat Microbiol 4:1006–1013. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0379-8
Dou C, Xiong J, Gu Y, Yin K, Wang J, Hu Y, Zhou D, Fu X, Qi S, Zhu X, Yao S, Xu H, Nie C, Liang Z, Yang S, Wei Y, Cheng W (2018) Structural and functional insights into the regulation of the lysis-lysogeny decision in viral communities. Nat Microbiol 3:1285–1294. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0259-7
Drab M (2018) Phage aggregation-dispersion by ions: striving beyond antibacterial therapy. Trends Biotechnol 36:875–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.002
Enea V, Horiuchi K, Turgeon BG, Zinder ND (1977) Physical map of defective interfering particles of bacteriophage f1. J Mol Biol 111:395–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(77)80061-2
Erez Z, Steinberger-Levy I, Shamir M, Doron S, Stokar-Avihail A, Peleg Y, Melamed S, Leavitt A, Savidor A, Albeck S, Amitai G, Sorek R (2017) Communication between viruses guides lysis-lysogeny decisions. Nature 541:488–493. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21049
Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ (2017) Viral aggregation: impact on virus behavior in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 51:7318–7325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05835
He F, Bhoobalan-Chitty Y, Van LB, Kjeldsen AL, Dedola M, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, Brodersen DE, Peng X (2018) Anti-CRISPR proteins encoded by archaeal lytic viruses inhibit subtype I-D immunity. Nat Microbiol 3:461–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0120-z
Ho K (2001) Bacteriophage therapy for bacterial infections. Rekindling a memory from the pre-antibiotics era. Perspect Biol Med 44:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2001.0006
Hynes AP, Rousseau GM, Agudelo D, Goulet A, Amigues B, Loehr J, Romero DA, Fremaux C, Horvath P, Doyon Y, Cambillau C, Moineau S (2018) Widespread anti-CRISPR proteins in virulent bacteriophages inhibit a range of Cas9 proteins. Nat Commun 9:2919. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05092-w
Karam JD, Drake JW, Kreuzer KN (1994) Molecular biology of bacteriophage T4, 1st edn. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
Kazumori Y (1981) Electron microscopic studies of bacteriophage φ X174 intact and ‘eclipsing’ particles, and the genome by the staining and shadowing method. J Virol Methods 2:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(81)90034-3
Kerr B, Neuhauser C, Bohannan BJM, Dean AM (2006) Local migration promotes competitive restraint in a host-pathogen “tragedy of the commons”. Nature 442:75–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04864
Labrie SJ, Samson JE, Moineau S (2010) Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:317–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2315
Landsberger M, Gandon S, Meaden S, Rollie C, Chevallereau A, Chabas H, Buckling A, Westra ER, van Houte S (2018) Anti-CRISPR phages cooperate to overcome CRISPR-Cas immunity. Cell 174:908–916.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.058
Latka A, Maciejewska B, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Briers Y, Drulis-Kawa Z (2017) Bacteriophage-encoded virion-associated enzymes to overcome the carbohydrate barriers during the infection process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:3103–3119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8224-6
Leggett HC, Wild G, West SA, Buckling A (2017) Fast-killing parasites can be favoured in spatially structured populations. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 372:20160096. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0096
Lion S, Jansen VAA, Day T (2011) Evolution in structured populations: beyond the kin versus group debate. Trends Ecol Evol 26:193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.006
Lopez J, Webster RE (1983) Morphogenesis of filamentous bacteriophage f1: orientation of extrusion and production of polyphage. Virology 127:177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(83)90382-3
Marshall JAR (2011) Group selection and kin selection: formally equivalent approaches. Trends Ecol Evol 26:325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.04.008
Nadell CD, Bassler BL, Levin SA (2008) Observing bacteria through the lens of social evolution. J Biol 7:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol87
Nowak MA (2006) Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314:1560–1563. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755
Oppenheim AB, Kobiler O, Stavans J, Court DL, Adhya S (2005) Switches in bacteriophage lambda development. Annu Rev Genet 39:409–429. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.113656
Özkaya Ö, Xavier KB, Dionisio F, Balbontín R (2017) Maintenance of microbial cooperation mediated by public goods in single- and multiple-trait scenarios. J Bacteriol 199:22. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00297-17
Pires DP, Oliveira H, Melo LDR, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J (2016) Bacteriophage-encoded depolymerases: their diversity and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:2141–2151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7247-0
Rezelj VV, Levi LI, Vignuzzi M (2018) The defective component of viral populations. Curr Opin Virol 33:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.014
Roychoudhury P, Shrestha N, Wiss VR, Krone SM (2014) Fitness benefits of low infectivity in a spatially structured population of bacteriophages. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 281:20132563. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2563
Sanjuán R (2017) Collective infectious units in viruses. Trends Microbiol 25:402–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.02.003
Schmerer M, Molineux IJ, Bull JJ (2014) Synergy as a rationale for phage therapy using phage cocktails. PeerJ 2:e590. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.590
Shirogane Y, Watanabe S, Yanagi Y (2012) Cooperation between different RNA virus genomes produces a new phenotype. Nat Commun 3:1235. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2252
Sun X, Göhler A, Heller KJ, Neve H (2006) The ltp gene of temperate Streptococcus thermophilus phage TP-J34 confers superinfection exclusion to Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis. Virology 350:146–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.001
Szermer-Olearnik B, Drab M, Mąkosa M, Zembala M, Barbasz J, Dąbrowska K, Boratyński J (2017) Aggregation/dispersion transitions of T4 phage triggered by environmental ion availability. J Nanobiotechnol 15:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-017-0266-5
Trinh JT, Székely T, Shao Q, Balázsi G, Zeng L (2017) Cell fate decisions emerge as phages cooperate or compete inside their host. Nat Commun 8:14341. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14341
Turner PE, Chao L (1999) Prisoner’s dilemma in an RNA virus. Nature 398:441–443. https://doi.org/10.1038/18913
Turner PE, Chao L (2003) Escape from prisoner’s dilemma in RNA phage Φ6. Am Nat 161:497–505. https://doi.org/10.1086/367880
Wall D (2016) Kin recognition in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 70:143–160. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095325
West SA, Griffin AS, Gardner A, Diggle SP (2006) Social evolution theory for microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:597–607. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1461
West SA, Griffin AS, Gardner A (2007) Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection. J Evol Biol 20:415–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x
Yang Y, Lyu T, Zhou R, He X, Ye K, Xie Q, Zhu L, Chen T, Shen C, Wu Q, Zhang B, Zhao W (2019) The antiviral and antitumor effects of defective interfering particles/genomes and their mechanisms. Front Microbiol 10:1852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01852
Yuan B, Pham M, Nguyen TH (2008) Deposition kinetics of bacteriophage MS2 on a silica surface coated with natural organic matter in a radial stagnation point flow cell. Environ Sci Technol 42:7628–7633. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801003s
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Domingo-Calap, P., Sanjuán, R. (2020). Social Interactions Among Bacteriophages. In: Witzany, G. (eds) Biocommunication of Phages. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45885-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45885-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45884-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45885-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)