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Beyond Brain Signaling

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Tissue-Specific Cell Signaling

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Abstract

The brain is considered the most complex organ of the human body, being composed by a complex network of neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate with each other through synapses, while glial cells essentially support both the structure and function of neurons, but also participate in the transmission of signals within the central nervous system. Neuronal signaling comprises electrical signaling that culminates with synaptic transmission, with consequent release of a chemical neurotransmitter at the presynaptic terminal. Neurotransmitter binding to a specific receptor originates postsynaptic signal transduction events that are specific of the type of receptor activated; these are summarized along this chapter. Glial cells are very active and, depending on the cell type, its specific functional demands and partners, their activity is regulated by distinct signaling pathways, also detailed throughout this chapter. In essence, this chapter summarizes the signaling pathways crucial for both neurons and glial cells, as well as the cross talk between these two building blocks of the nervous system.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

5-hydroxytryptamine

AC:

Adenylate cyclase

AMPA:

Amino-methylisoxazole propionic acid

ARC:

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein

ARG1:

Arginase 1

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Ca2+:

Calcium ion

Cl–:

Chloride ion

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CX3CL1:

Fractalkine

CX3CR1:

CX3C chemokine receptor 1

CNS:

Central nervous system

CREB:

cAMP response element binding protein

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

DAMP:

Damage-associated molecular pattern molecule

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ECF:

Extracellular fluid

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGR1:

Early growth response protein 1

EPSP:

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Erk1/2:

Extracellular-related kinase 1/2

FIZZ1:

Flammatory zone 1

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

GDP:

Guanosine diphosphate

GIRK:

G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel

GFAP:

Glial-fibrillary acidic protein

GLUT1:

Glucose transporter type 1

GPCR:

G protein-coupled receptor

GTP:

Guanosine triphosphate

HCAR1:

Hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 1

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

IP3:

Inositol triphosphate

IPSP:

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

K+:

Potassium ion

LDH1:

Lactate dehydrogenase 1

Mg2+:

Magnesium ion

MCT:

Monocarboxylate transporter

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

Na+:

Sodium ion

NAD+:

Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

NS:

Nervous system

OPC:

Oligodendrocyte precursor cell

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PIP2:

Phosphatidylinositol diphosphate

PKA:

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PLC:

Phospholipase C

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TRP:

Transient receptor potential

TrkB:

Tropomyosin-related receptor kinase B

TREM2:

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2

YM1/2:

Chitinase 3-like 3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroscience and Signaling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Cátia D. Pereira, Filipa Martins & Sandra Rebelo

  2. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    Fernanda Marques & João Carlos Sousa

  3. ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal

    Fernanda Marques & João Carlos Sousa

Authors
  1. Cátia D. Pereira
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  2. Filipa Martins
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  3. Fernanda Marques
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  4. João Carlos Sousa
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  5. Sandra Rebelo
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Correspondence to Sandra Rebelo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Joana Vieira Silva

  2. Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Maria João Freitas

  3. Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Margarida Fardilha

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Pereira, C.D., Martins, F., Marques, F., Sousa, J.C., Rebelo, S. (2020). Beyond Brain Signaling. In: Silva, J.V., Freitas, M.J., Fardilha, M. (eds) Tissue-Specific Cell Signaling. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44436-5_1

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