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Smart City Applications on the Blockchain: Development of a Multi-layer Taxonomy

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Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology Use Cases

Part of the book series: Progress in IS ((PROIS))

Abstract

Blockchain Technology (BT) has become widely recognized beyond the financial sector. Various other fields of application for the ground-breaking innovation are discussed by researchers and practitioners alike. One such field is the smart city. Driven by startups, projects aimed at alleviating negative effects of urbanization build on the properties of BT to improve quality of life, administrative processes, and environmental sustainability. Yet, due to the entrepreneurial dynamics and abundant fields of application for BT in smart cities, an integrated and boundary-spanning analysis is lacking. This study aims at developing a multi-layer taxonomy that illustrates how BT is used in different smart city business models. For this purpose, we identified a sample of 80 startups which offer applications for smart cities and examined their business models. The paper explores business model configurations and technological characteristics of blockchain-based smart city applications. We identify BT startup archetypes in several domains: sharing economy, privacy and security, and internet of things (IoT). The paper will be useful for researchers, practitioners, and regulators interested in gaining novel insights about how startups leverage BT to create and capture value.

Note: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) 2019.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Esther Nagel & Johann Kranz

Authors
  1. Esther Nagel
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  2. Johann Kranz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Esther Nagel .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of International Management, Modul University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Horst Treiblmaier

  2. Department of Enterprise and Technology, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland

    Trevor Clohessy

Appendices

Appendix 1: Sample Structure

Smart city application area

Startups (country)

Energy

• Bankymoon (ZA)

• Dajie/Prosume (UK)

• ElectricChain (AD)

• Jump Software (USA)

• Sunride (GER)

• Electron (USA)

• Energy Blockchain Lab (CHN)

• Grid Singularity (AUT)

• LO3 (USA)

• MyBit (CHE)

• TerraLedger/Voltmarkets (USA)

Smappee (USA)

• Solether (n/a)

• Batan (UK)

• Omega Grid (USA)

• Sonnen (USA)

• SunExchange (ZA)

• Wattcoin (USA)

• Consensys (USA)

• SolarChange (ISR)

Transportation

• Arcade City (USA)

• T-Mining (BEL)

• Chasyr (USA)

• Oaken Innovation (USA)

• Parq (NL)

• Powertree (USA)

• La’Zooz (ISR)

• Slock.it (DEU)

• Cloudpark (USA)

• Parkgene.io (GRC)

Building

• Ubirch (DEU)

• HomeSidekick (USA)

• Propy (USA)

• Smappee (USA)

• Silvertown (UK)

• Slock.it (DEU)

• Ubitquity (USA)

• Blocksquare (SVN)

• Tapclose (USA)

• Flip (USA)

• BrikShares (IT)

• Propify/Coicio (USA)

• Cleverent (USA)

• REIDAO (SGP)

• REX (USA)

• Realblocks (USA)

Health

• Blockpharma (FR)

• BurstIQ (USA)

• Hashed Health (USA)

• Patientory (USA)

• Health Chain (UK)

• SimplyVital Health (USA)

• Open Health Network (USA)

• Healthcombix (USA)

• PointNurse (USA)

• Betternot.rest (BRA)

• GEM (USA)

• Health Wizz (USA)

• Healthcoin (USA)

• DAERS (CH)

Government

• Advocate (USA)

• BitFury (USA)

• Bitland Global (GH)

• Follow My Vote (USA)

• Neocapita (AUT)

• PlaceAVote (USA)

• Socioneers (NL)

• Voatz (USA)

• Disberse (UK)

• Helperbit (IT)

• Authenteq (DE)

• MiVote (AUS)

• Crowdesto (UK)

• Start Network (UK)

• Bitnation (n/a)

• Democracy Earth (n/a)

• VoteHQ (CAN)

• Borderless (n/a)

• Procivis (CH)

• BitGive Foundation (USA)

• Votem (USA)

  1. (n/a) expresses startups that do not provide a registered office

Appendix 2: Classification Results

figure a

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Nagel, E., Kranz, J. (2020). Smart City Applications on the Blockchain: Development of a Multi-layer Taxonomy. In: Treiblmaier, H., Clohessy, T. (eds) Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology Use Cases. Progress in IS. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44337-5_10

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