Abstract
In 2019, Freedom House, a bipartisan organization that promotes freedom and democracy around the world, issued a dire warning on the future of the American democracy: “the pressure on our system is as serious as any experienced in living memory. We cannot take for granted that institutional bulwarks against abuse of power will retain their strength, or that our democracy will endure perpetually” (Freedom House 2019). One part of such concerns is the degree to which President Trump used Twitter to change fundamentally the nature of presidential communications. In this book, we add to this debate by examining Trump’s Twitter activity from May 2009 through November 2019. In this chapter, we summarize our project and results. We conclude with a discussion on the impact of Donald Trump and the use of Twitter on the presidency and American politics more broadly.
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Notes
- 1.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The press is doing everything within their power to fight the magnificence of the phrase, MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! They can’t stand the fact that this Administration has done more than virtually any other Administration in its first 2 yrs. They are truly the ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE!” April 5, 2019, 10:41 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1114221533461790721
- 2.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Look how things have turned around on the Criminal Deep State. They go after Phony Collusion with Russia, a made up Scam, and end up getting caught in a major SPY scandal the likes of which this country may never have seen before! What goes around, comes around!” May 23, 2018, 3:54 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/999242039723163648
- 3.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: ‘If it weren’t for Donald Trump, we would never know how corrupt these Democrats are, we would never know for sure that there was a Deep State. Now we know it.’ @JudgeJeanine” July 28, 2019, 3:56 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1155431717529948162
- 4.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The single greatest Witch Hunt in American history continues. There was no collusion, everybody including the Dems knows there was no collusion, & yet on and on it goes. Russia & the world is laughing at the stupidity they are witnessing. Republicans should finally take control!” January 10, 2018, 7:14 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/951109942685126656
- 5.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Republicans are totally deprived of their rights in this Impeachment Witch Hunt. No lawyers, no questions, no transparency! The good news is that the Radical Left Dems have No Case. It is all based on their Fraud and Fabrication!” October 16, 2019, 4:46 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1184435422346305537
- 6.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: As I learn more and more each day, I am coming to the conclusion that what is taking place is not an impeachment, it is a COUP, intended to take away the Power of the….” October 1, 2019, 4:41 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179179573541511176. Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: ….People, their VOTE, their Freedoms, their Second Amendment, Religion, Military, Border Wall, and their God-given rights as a Citizen of The United States of America!” October 1, 2019, 4:41 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179179575059927040
- 7.
“Remarks by President Trump at Turning Point USA’s Teen Student Action Summit 2019.” https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-turning-point-usas-teen-student-action-summit-2019/. (January 3, 2020).
- 8.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Serious voter fraud in Virginia, New Hampshire and California - so why isn’t the media reporting on this? Serious bias - big problem!” November 27, 2016, 4:31 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/803033642545115140
- 9.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: In addition to winning the Electoral College in a landslide, I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally” November 27, 2016, 12:30 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/802972944532209664
- 10.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Look forward to seeing final results of VoteStand. Gregg Phillips and crew say at least 3,000,000 votes were illegal. We must do better!” January 27, 2017, 5:12 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/824968416486387713
- 11.
“Trust in Government.” https://news.gallup.com/poll/5392/trust-government.aspx. (January 3, 2020).
- 12.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Tonight, we forcefully condemn the blatant corruption of the Democrat Party, the Fake News Media, and the rogue bureaucrats of the Deep State. The only message these radicals will understand is a crushing defeat on November 3, 2020! #KAG2020.” October 17, 2019, 8:06 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1185029472132698113
- 13.
“Trust in Government.” https://news.gallup.com/poll/5392/trust-government.aspx. (January 3, 2020).
- 14.
“From Thomas Jefferson to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert Du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, 4 November 1823.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-3843. (January 3, 2020).
- 15.
“Thomas Jefferson to Charles Yancey, 6 January 1816.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-09-02-0209. (January 3, 2020).
- 16.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The FAKE NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!” February 17, 2017, 1:48 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/832708293516632065
- 17.
Malinowski, Tom. “Twitter/@Malinowski: As an American diplomat, I stood up to petty tyrants who call journalists ‘enemies of the people.’ Guess that’s not our policy any more.” February 17, 2017, 2:26 PM. https://twitter.com/Malinowski/status/832717880206704640
- 18.
Oath Keepers. “Twitter/@Oathkeepers: Here’s the money quote from that thread. This is the truth. This is where we are. We ARE on the verge of a HOT civil war. Like in 1859. That’s where we are. And the Right has ZERO trust or respect for anything the left is doing. We see THEM as illegitimate too.@StewartRhodesOK.” September 29, 2019, 10:59 PM. https://twitter.com/Oathkeepers/status/1178549790847590400
- 19.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The Media has a big responsibility to life and safety in our Country. Fake News has contributed greatly to the anger and rage that has built up over many years. News coverage has got to start being fair, balanced and unbiased, or these terrible problems will only get worse!” August 5, 2019, 4:32 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1158340095608610816
- 20.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Condolences to the family of the young woman killed today, and best regards to all of those injured, in Charlottesville, Virginia. So sad!” August 12, 2017, 4:25 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/896512981319790592
- 21.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The riots in Charlottesville a year ago resulted in senseless death and division. We must come together as a nation. I condemn all types of racism and acts of violence. Peace to ALL Americans!” August 11, 2018, 6:26 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1028271447632957441
- 22.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Last night in Phoenix I read the things from my statements on Charlottesville that the Fake News Media didn’t cover fairly. People got it!” August 23, 2017, 6:40 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/900352052068401154
- 23.
“Full text: Trump’s comments on white supremacist, ‘alt-left’ in Charlottesville.” https://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/15/full-text-trump-comments-white-supremacists-alt-left-transcript-241662. (January 3, 2020).
- 24.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: So interesting to see “Progressive” Democrat Congresswomen, who originally came from countries whose governments are a complete and total catastrophe, the worst, most corrupt and inept anywhere in the world (if they even have a functioning government at all), now loudly……” July 14, 2019, 5:27 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1150381394234941448
- 25.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: ….and viciously telling the people of the United States, the greatest and most powerful Nation on earth, how our government is to be run. Why don’t they go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came. Then come back and show us how….” July 14, 2019, 5:27 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1150381395078000643
- 26.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Hard to believe that with thousands of people from South of the Border, walking unimpeded toward our country in the form of large Caravans, that the Democrats won’t approve legislation that will allow laws for the protection of our country. Great Midterm issue for Republicans!” October 17, 2018, 6:45 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1052556222459727872
- 27.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: More troops being sent to the Southern Border to stop the attempted Invasion of Illegals, through large Caravans, into our Country. We have stopped the previous Caravans, and we will stop these also. With a Wall it would be soooo much easier and less expensive. Being Built!” January 31, 2019, 6:52 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1090986128805687296
- 28.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: A very big Caravan of over 20,000 people started up through Mexico. It has been reduced in size by Mexico but is still coming. Mexico must apprehend the remainder or we will be forced to close that section of the Border & call up the Military. The Coyotes & Cartels have weapons!” April 24, 2019, 4:25 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1121012339552194560
- 29.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: With @BarackObama listing himself as “Born in Kenya” in 1999http://bit.ly/JaHQW0 HI laws allowed him to produce a fake certificate. #SCAM” July 20, 2012, 7:07 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/226317290239582208
- 30.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Let’s take a closer look at that birth certificate. @BarackObama was described in 2003 as being “born in Kenya.”” May 18, 2012, 12:31 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/203568571148800001
- 31.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Does anybody really want to throw out good, educated and accomplished young people who have jobs, some serving in the military? Really!…..” September 14, 2017, 3:28 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/908276308265795585
- 32.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Many of the people in DACA, no longer very young, are far from “angels.” Some are very tough, hardened criminals. President Obama said he had no legal right to sign order, but would anyway. If Supreme Court remedies with overturn, a deal will be made with Dems for them to stay!” November 12, 2019, 3:45 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1194219655717642240
- 33.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Mitt Romney had his chance to beat a failed president but he choked like a dog. Now he calls me racist-but I am least racist person there is” November 11, 2016, 4:18 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/741590381503086592
- 34.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: So some day, if a Democrat becomes President and the Republicans win the House, even by a tiny margin, they can impeach the President, without due process or fairness or any legal rights. All Republicans must remember what they are witnessing here - a lynching. But we will WIN!” October 22, 2019, 4:52 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1186611272231636992
- 35.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Nobody would fight harder for free speech than me but why taunt, over and over again, in order to provoke possible death to audience. DUMB!” May 4, 2015, 6:46 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/595404051925307395
- 36.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: If U.C. Berkeley does not allow free speech and practices violence on innocent people with a different point of view - NO FEDERAL FUNDS?” February 2, 2017, 3:13 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/827112633224544256
- 37.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Radical Left Dem Mayor of Minneapolis, Jacob Frey, is doing everything possible to stifle Free Speech despite a record sell-out crowd at the Target Center. Presidents Clinton and Obama paid almost nothing! The Minneapolis Police have been incredible….” October 8, 2019, 11:40 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1181640563696820224
- 38.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: We are here today to take historic action to defend American Students and American Values. In a few moments, I will be signing an Executive Order to protect FREE SPEECH on College Campuses.” May 21, 2019, 1:12 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1108823762659667970
- 39.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Politicians are trying to chip away at the 2nd Amendment. I won’t let them take away our guns! #Trump2016” February 4, 2016, 6:26 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/695252170535477249
- 40.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: I want to thank all of our friends and patriots at the @NRA. We will never fail, and we will always protect your Second Amendment! God Bless you, and God Bless America!” May 4, 2018, 3:56 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/992538416196804608
- 41.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The U.S. has enough problems without publicity seekers going out and openly mocking religion in order to provoke attacks and death. BE SMART” May 4, 2015, 6:55 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/595406508378173440
- 42.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The Democrats policy of Child Seperation on the Border during the Obama Administration was far worse than the way we handle it now. Remember the 2014 picture of children in cages - the Obama years. However, if you don’t separate, FAR more people will come. Smugglers use the kids!” December 16, 2018, 8:25 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1074339834351759363
- 43.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: The cages for kids were built by the Obama Administration in 2014. He had the policy of child separation. I ended it even as I realized that more families would then come to the Border! @CNN” July 31, 2019, 6:46 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1156742970105892864
- 44.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: We cannot allow all of these people to invade our Country. When somebody comes in, we must immediately, with no Judges or Court Cases, bring them back from where they came. Our system is a mockery to good immigration policy and Law and Order. Most children come without parents…” June 24, 2018, 8:02 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1010900865602019329
- 45.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Put pressure on the Democrats to end the horrible law that separates children from there [sic] parents once they cross the Border into the U.S. Catch and Release, Lottery and Chain must also go with it and we MUST continue building the WALL! DEMOCRATS ARE PROTECTING MS-13 THUGS.” May 24, 2018, 6:59 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1000375761604370434
- 46.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Sorry losers and haters, but my I.Q. is one of the highest -and you all know it! Please don’t feel so stupid or insecure, it’s not your fault.” May 8, 2013, 6:37 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/332308211321425920
- 47.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: ‘A Very Stable Genius!’ Thank you.” September 14, 2019, 5:44 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1172853679642333185
- 48.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: I hope all workers demand that their @Teamsters reps endorse Donald J. Trump. Nobody knows jobs like I do! Don’t let them sell you out!” January 8, 2016, 2:03 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/685582649679867904
- 49.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Nobody but Donald Trump will save Israel. You are wasting your time with these politicians and political clowns. Best! #SheldonAdelson” April 27, 2015, 7:33 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/592698043629215746
- 50.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Just announced that as many as 5000 ISIS fighters have infiltrated Europe. Also, many in U.S. I TOLD YOU SO! I alone can fix this problem!” March 24, 2016, 8:52 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/713030660475240448
- 51.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: I have proven to be far more correct about terrorism than anybody- and it’s not even close. Hopefully AZ and UT will be voting for me today!” March 22, 2016, 8:22 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/712300954775887876
- 52.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: North Korea, under the leadership of Kim Jong Un, will become a great Economic Powerhouse. He may surprise some but he won’t surprise me, because I have gotten to know him & fully understand how capable he is. North Korea will become a different kind of Rocket - an Economic one!” February 8, 2019, 4:50 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1094035813820784640
- 53.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: Kim Jong Un of North Korea proclaims “unwavering faith in President Trump.” Thank you to Chairman Kim. We will get it done together!” September 6, 2018, 3:58 AM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1037656324010663937
- 54.
Trump, Donald J. “Twitter/@realDonaldTrump: I got severely criticized by the Fake News Media for being too nice to President Putin. In the Old Days they would call it Diplomacy. If I was loud & vicious, I would have been criticized for being too tough. Remember when they said I was too tough with Chairman Kim? Hypocrites!” July 20, 2018, 2:50 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1020425741664751616
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Ouyang, Y., Waterman, R.W. (2020). Trump, Twitter, and the American Democracy. In: Trump, Twitter, and the American Democracy. The Evolving American Presidency. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44242-2_5
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