Abstract
The use of intellectual property as a security interest is relatively new in Mexico, and it is mainly used to promote access to credit for small and medium-sized enterprises. For this usage to be applied, it has been necessary to undertake important reforms in Mexican intellectual property rights legislation (1) and to create a modern framework of security rights (2). Despite these important efforts, there are still some obstacles that must be overcome and some practical aspects that need to be improved in order to make the creation of security rights over intellectual property in Mexico both efficient and successful (3).
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Notes
- 1.
Mexican Constitution, Official Journal (OJ) 05.02.1917.
- 2.
Industrial Property Law (IPL) OJ, 27.06.1991. Last Amendment: OJ, 18.05.2018.
- 3.
Regulations of the Industrial Property Law OJ, 23.11.1994. Last Amendment: OJ, 16.12.2016.
- 4.
IPL Art. 2 section V.
- 5.
Federal Law on Copyright (FLC) OJ, 24.12.1996. Last Amendment: OJ, 13.01.2016.
- 6.
Regulations of the Federal Law on Copyright (OJ, 22.05.1998). Amended in: OJ, 14.09.2005.
- 7.
Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (2016), passim.
- 8.
Instituto Nacional del Dercho de Autor (2016), passim.
- 9.
Zamora et al. (2004), pp. 64, 661.
- 10.
For further information about the international legal framework for IP in Mexico, see Annex II.
- 11.
IPL Art. 6.
- 12.
IPL Art. 9.
- 13.
IPL Art. 15.
- 14.
IPL Art. 10-10 BIS.
- 15.
The IPL (Art. 16) considers the following to be non-patentable: essentially biological processes for obtaining, reproducing, and propagating plants and animals; biological and genetic material as found in nature; animal breeds; the human body and the living matter constituting it; and plant varieties.
- 16.
IPL Art. 38.
- 17.
IPL Art. 23.
- 18.
IPL Art. 24.
- 19.
IPL Art. 24 – 25.
- 20.
IPL Arts. 62 – 63.
- 21.
Regulations of the IPL Arts. 5 – 12.
- 22.
IPL Arts. 67 – 69.
- 23.
In accordance with IPL Art. 40, the filing date in the country of first filing may be recognized as the priority filing date, provided that the filing in Mexico falls within the periods stablished by international treaties or, failing that, within 12 months of the application for a patent in the country of origin.
- 24.
In that case, according to IPL Art. 42, the patent rights shall belong to the inventor whose application bears the earliest filing date or recognized priority date, as the case may be, provided that said application is not rejected or abandoned.
- 25.
IPL Arts. 27 – 30. According to Art. 29, rights in utility models last for 10 years starting from the filing date of the application and cannot be renewed.
- 26.
IPL Arts. 31 – 37. According to Art. 36, industrial design registration lasts for 15 years starting from the filing date of the application and cannot be renewed.
- 27.
IPL Arts. 82 – 86 Bis – 1.
- 28.
IPL Arts. 87 – 98 Bis 9.
- 29.
IPL Arts. 96 – 98.
- 30.
IPL Arts. 98 Bis – 98 Bis 9.
- 31.
IPL Arts. 99 – 104. According to Art. 103, the registration of an advertising slogan shall have a term of 10 years starting from the filing date of the application and may be renewed for periods of the same duration.
- 32.
IPL Arts. 105 – 112. According to Art. 110, the effects of the publication of a trade name shall last for 10 years starting from the filing date of the application and may be renewed for periods of the same duration. If they are not renewed, the effects shall cease.
- 33.
IPL Arts. 156 – 178. According to Art. 167, the Mexican state shall be the owner of the appellation of origin. It may be only used by virtue of authorizations issued by the IMPI. However, pursuant to Art. 174, the right to use an appellation of origin may be transferred by the authorized user in accordance with the provisions of ordinary legislation. According to Art. 172, the effects of the authorization to use an appellation of origin shall have a duration of 10 years starting from the date on which the application is filed with the IMPI and may be renewed for equal periods.
- 34.
IPL Arts. 178 Bis – 178 Bis 9. According to Art. 178 Bis 3, the registration of a layout design shall have a non-renewable term of 10 years, starting from the date on which the application is filed with the IMPI.
- 35.
The licensing and assignment of rights is regulated by IPL section VI Arts. 136-150.
- 36.
IPL Art. 88.
- 37.
IPL Art. 95.
- 38.
IPL Art. 121.
- 39.
IPL Art. 136.
- 40.
IPL Art. 143.
- 41.
IPL Title VI: Administrative Procedures. This title provides the general Rules of procedure (chapter I), the administrative declaration procedure (chapter II), and the appeal for reconsideration (chapter III).
- 42.
IPL Title VII: Inspection, Administrative Infringements and Sanctions, and Offenses.
- 43.
FLC Art. 1.
- 44.
FLC Art. 2.
- 45.
Código Penal Federal OJ, 14.08.1931 and amendments OJ, 05.12.1996.
- 46.
Ley Federal de Procedimiento Administrativo OJ, 04.08.1994 and subsequent amendments.
- 47.
Código Federal de Procedimientos Civiles OJ, 24.02.1942 and subsequent amendments.
- 48.
FLC Art. 1.
- 49.
FLC Art. 5.
- 50.
According to FLC Article 13, the following works are copyrightable: literary works; musical works (with or without words); dramatic works; dance; pictorial works or drawings; sculptures and three-dimensional art; caricatures and short stories; architectural works; cinematographic and other audio-visual works; radio and television programs; computer programs; photographic works; works of applied art, including works of graphic or textile design; compilations consisting of collections of works (e.g. encyclopaedias, anthologies, etc.) and works or other elements like databases, provided that these collections constitute intellectual creations by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents or subject matter; and other works which may by analogy be considered literary or artistic works.
- 51.
FLC Art. 11.
- 52.
FLC Arts. 18 – 23.
- 53.
It should be mentioned that according to FLC Article 20, in absence of any heirs of the author, or in case of works in the public domain, anonymous works, or works protected by the FLC, the state shall exercise the moral rights in accordance with Article 21 insofar as the works concerned are of interest to the national cultural heritage.
- 54.
FLC Arts. 24 – 29.
- 55.
FLC Arts. 30 – 41.
- 56.
According to FLC Art. 33, in exceptional cases where dictated by the nature of the work or the scale of the required investment, a term of more than 15 years may be agreed upon.
- 57.
According to FLC Arts. 35 – 36, licences affording exclusive rights shall: be expressly granted as such; give the licensee the right to exploit the work to the exclusion of any other person, unless otherwise agreed; and give the licensee the right to grant non-exclusive authorizations to third parties. For his part, the licensee shall take whatever action is necessary for the licensed exploitation to be effective.
- 58.
FLC Art. 41.
- 59.
FLC Arts. 42 – 76.
- 60.
FLC Art. 77.
- 61.
According to FLC Art. 78, the abovementioned derived works shall be protected with respect to their original content, but they may only be exploited when this has been authorized by the owner of the economic rights in the original work.
- 62.
FLC Arts. 85 – 93.
- 63.
FLC Arts. 94 – 100.
- 64.
FLC Arts. 101 – 114. Art. 103 provides that unless otherwise agreed, the patrimonial rights concerning a computer program that has been created by one or more employees in the course of their duties or on instructions from their employer shall belong to the employer. It should be noted that, as an exception to both the 5-year term established by Art. 33 and the exceptional term of 15 years that can be accorded where dictated by the nature of the work or the scale of the required investment, the period of the assignment of rights in connection with computer programs shall not be subject to any limitation. Furthermore, Art. 104 sets forth that the owner of the copyright in a computer program or database shall retain the right to authorize or prohibit the lending of copies thereof even after the sale of said copies, except when the copy of the computer program does not in itself constitute an essential element of the licence for use. This regulation is an exception to the provisions of Article 27 (IV) concerning the economic rights of owners to authorize or prohibit the distribution of the work, including sale or other forms of transfer of the ownership of the physical material in which the work is embodied, and also to authorize or prohibit any form of transfer of the use or exploitation of the work.
- 65.
FLC Arts. 115 – 146 concerning the protection of literary and artistic works.
- 66.
Zamora et al. (2004), p. 669.
- 67.
FLC Art. 162.
- 68.
FLC Art. 163 (V).
- 69.
FLC Art. 168.
- 70.
FLC Art. 164.
- 71.
Title X about the National Institute of Copyright.
- 72.
FLC Art. 210.
- 73.
Title XI of the FLC.
- 74.
These offences are set forth in the Federal Criminal Code in Title XXVI, OJ, August 14, 1931. Amended in OJ, 18.07.2016.
- 75.
FLC Arts. 217 – 218.
- 76.
FLC chapter III of Arbitration.
- 77.
Commerce Code Arts. 1415 – 1463.
- 78.
FLC Arts. 229 – 230.
- 79.
FLC Arts. 231 – 236.
- 80.
Federal Law on Administrative Procedure (Ley Federal de Procedimiento Administrativo), (OJ, 04.08.1994).
- 81.
See Gullifer (2016), Introduction.
- 82.
Idem.
- 83.
North American Free Trade Agreement, U.S., Canada, México. 17.12.1992. The agreement entered into force among the parties on January 1, 1994. https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta.
- 84.
See Decree that amends, adds, and repeals various provisions of the General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Operations (GLNICO), the Commercial Code, and the Law of Credit Institutions, OJ, May 23, 2000.
- 85.
Arts. 355 – 380 of the GLNICO.
- 86.
Art. 358 of the GLNICO According to this provision, even if the debtor pledges all of the movable assets that he uses for his activities to the creditor without transfer of possession, he is able to pledge to other creditors the assets he receives from the monies provided by these new creditors. The first creditor has priority in relation to the goods that the debtor has pledged to him, with the exception of those assets acquired from the monies of the new creditor that will serve as security to the new creditor. Due to the new creditor’s purchase financing, his priority is secured with respect to other creditors, including the first.
- 87.
Arts. 395 – 407 of the GLNICO.
- 88.
GLNICO Art. 355.
- 89.
GLNICO Art. 356 section III.
- 90.
GLNICO Art. 357.
- 91.
These reforms were introduced into Title III of the Fifth Book of the Commercial Code (Art. 1414 BIS-1414 Bis 20).
- 92.
GLNICO Art. 379. This Article was abrogated by the amendments of 2003.
- 93.
Rogers et al. (2014), passim.
- 94.
Regarding the modernization of the Public Registry of Commerce, see the Secretaria de Economía (2013), passim.
- 95.
Sistema Integral de Gestión Registral (2016), passim.
- 96.
Barry (2012), p. 297.
- 97.
Rogers (2016), passim.
- 98.
See Decree to reform, add, and repeal a number of provisions of the General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Operations (GLNICO); the Commercial Code; the Law of Credit Institutions; the Securities Market Law; the General Law on Credit Institutions, Business Companies, and Insurance Companies; the General Law on Mutual Insurance Institutions and Companies; the Federal Law on Bonding Institutions; and the General Law on Credit Organizations and Auxiliary Activities (OJ, 2003-06-13).
- 99.
In accordance with Article 1 of the Decree of 2003-06-13, Articles 346, 348, 353 paragraph 1, 361 paragraph 1, 373, 374 paragraph 1, penultimate, and last paragraphs, 375, 381 to 385, 386 paragraph 2, 387, 392 section V, 393 paragraph 1, 394 section III, and 395 to 407 were reformed; Articles 346 paragraph 2, and 393 paragraphs 2 and 3 were added; and Articles 379 and 408 to 414 of the GLNICO were repealed.
- 100.
In accordance with Article 2 of the Decree of 2003-06-13, Articles 1054, 1063, 1070 paragraph 1, 1373, 1391 section II, 1393, 1401 paragraph 3, 1414, 1414 Bis 7 paragraph 1, 1414 Bis 8 paragraph 1, 1414 Bis 17 sections I and II, 1414 bis 18, and 1414 Bis 19 were reformed; and Articles 1055 Bis, 1070 paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5, 1070 Bis, 1376 Bis, 1395 the last three paragraphs, 1412 Bis, 1412 Bis 1, and 1414 Bis 17 section III of the Commercial Code were added.
- 101.
In accordance with Article 3 of the Decree of 2003-06-13, Articles 47 paragraph 1 and 2, 66 section II, 67 paragraph 1, 68 paragraph 2, 85, and 106 sections II and XIX (b) and (c) were reformed; Articles 46 Bis, 68 paragraph 3, and 106 section XIX (d), (e), (f) and (g) were added; and Article 68 section I and II and Article 72 of the Credit Institution Law were repealed.
- 102.
In accordance with Article 4 of the Decree of 2003-06-13, Articles 22 section IV (d), 99 paragraph 1 and sections II, III, and IV, and 103 sections I, II, VII, VIII, IX (a, b, c and d), and X were reformed; Articles 99 paragraph 3 and 103 section IX (e), (f), (g) and (h) were added; and Article 103 section VI of the Securities Market Law was repealed.
- 103.
In accordance with Article 5 of the Decree of 2003-06-13, Articles 34 section IV and 35 section XVI Bis (a) and (b) were reformed; the last 2 paragraphs of Article 34 section IV, paragraph 2 of (a), (b) Bis and (b) Bis 1, paragraph 2 of (d), (h) of Article 35, and section XVI, section VI with (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) and (h) of Article 62 were added; paragraph 4 of section IV of Article 34 of the General Law on Mutual Insurance Institutions and Companies was repealed.
- 104.
In accordance with Article 6 of the Decree of 2003-06-13 Article 16 section XV and (a), (b), (d) and (e) were reformed; Articles 16 section XV (h) and 60 section VI Bis with (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) of the Federal Law on Bonding Institutions were added.
- 105.
In accordance with Article 6 of the Decree of 2003-06-13, Articles 33 and 48 paragraph 1 were reformed; paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 48 of the General Law on Credit Organizations and Auxiliary Activities were added.
- 106.
According to Barry, these provisions stated that if the realization of the collateral did not cover the amount stipulated as due and owing to the creditor, the creditor could not assert a claim against the debtor for the amount of the deficiency. See Barry (2012), pp. 320–321.
- 107.
Ibid. p. 321.
- 108.
See the Regulations of the Public Commercial Registry OJ, 24.10.2003.
- 109.
See chapter V of the Public Commercial Registry.
- 110.
GLNICO Art. 366.
- 111.
See Decree that amends and adds various provisions of the Commercial Code OJ, 27.08.2009.
- 112.
See Decree that amends and adds various provisions of the Public Commercial Registry Regulations OJ, 23.09.2010.
- 113.
See Decree that amends and adds various provisions of the Commercial Code and the General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Operations, OJ, 13.06.2014.
- 114.
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (2007), passim.
- 115.
Organization of American States (2009), passim.
- 116.
Rogers et al. (2014), passim.
- 117.
Rogers et al. (2016), passim.
- 118.
In noting some of the most relevant improvements of the RUG, Sigman mentions how the RUG is an all-electronic system, available 24/7 for both searching and registering. It provides a single nation-wide secured transactions database, accessible and free of cost, for registering and for searching for security rights. It has a substantially all-inclusive scope for security rights that are required to be registered at the RUG and it is very user-friendly. Sigman (2013), pp. 393–396.
- 119.
Registro Único de Garanías Mobiliarias, Secretaría de Economía (2016), passim.
- 120.
Isunza (2016), p. 128.
- 121.
See Decree of 2010 Art. 32.
- 122.
See RUG Regulations Art. 32 amended on OJ, 23.09.2010.
- 123.
See GLNICO Art. 408. This provision was amended and harmonized with the RUG Regulations through the reforms of the GLNICO OJ, 13.06.2014.
- 124.
Isunza (2016), p. 128.
- 125.
Isunza (2016), p. 129.
- 126.
Idem.
- 127.
GLNICO Art. 376 amended on OJ, 13.06.2014.
- 128.
GLNICO Art. 389 amended on OJ, 13.06.2014.
- 129.
Isunza (2016), pp. 130–134.
- 130.
According to the Ministry of the Economy, Mexico has climbed in the rankings for access to credit by seven positions compared to last year, reaching fifth place. See Ministry of Economy, accessible through a government webpage: https://www.gob.mx/se/articulos/conoce-que-es-el-registro-unico-de-garantias-mobiliarias-rug.
- 131.
It should be observed that, according to the amendments of 2009 of Commerce Code Art. 32 bis 4, the following are entitled to register with the RUG: notaries and commercial notaries public; judges; authorities allowed by the Ministry of Economy; financial institutions; public officers; and other persons allowed by the Ministry of Economy.
- 132.
Rogers et al. (2014), passim.
- 133.
Commercial Code OJ, 13.12.1889. Last Amendment: OJ, 25.01.2017.
- 134.
General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Operations (GLNICO) (OJ, 27.08.1932). Last Amendment: OJ, 13.06.2014.
- 135.
Law of Credit Institutions OJ, 18.07.1990. Last Amendment: OJ, 17.06.2016.
- 136.
It has to be observed that in addition to the Civil Codes of the 32 federal states of the Mexican Republic, the Federal Civil Code also applies in federal matters throughout the Republic. See Federal Civil Code OJ, 26.05.1928, 14.07.1928, 03.08.1928 and 31.08.1929. Amended in OJ, 24.12.2013.
- 137.
Art. 2856 of the Federal Civil Code defines the pledge as “a right in a movable asset that secures the performance of an obligation and its payment priority”. For its part, Art. 2893 defines the mortgage as follows: “The mortgage is a security right in assets that are not delivered to the creditor and it gives him the right in the case of non-compliance with the obligations to be paid from the value of the assets according to the priority provided by law”.
- 138.
In Title II on credit operations, the GLNICO regulates the possessory pledge (section VI of chapter IV) as well as the non-possessory pledge (section VII).
- 139.
Law of Credit Institutions OJ, 18.07.1990, Art. 67.
- 140.
According to López-Velarde and Wilson, before the implementation of Article 9, there were several mechanisms for creating security interests, making the decision as to which legal device was best suited to create a security interest difficult. See López-Velarde and Wilson (2004), p. 7.
- 141.
Civil Code Art. 2856.
- 142.
GLNICO Arts. 334-345.
- 143.
GLNICO Arts. 346-380.
- 144.
See Castillo et al. (2016), passim.
- 145.
Art. 346.
- 146.
According to GLNICO Art. 356, the pledgor (i.e. debtor) has the right to: use the pledged assets; receive and use the assets considered to be products of the pledge; and sell or transfer the pledged assets for his commercial activities.
- 147.
GLNICO Art. 352.
- 148.
GLNICO Art. 353.
- 149.
Art. 355.
- 150.
GLNICO Arts. 358 and 261.
- 151.
Pursuant to GLNICO Art. 395, the trustee for a guarantee trust must be one of the following types of institutions: a credit institution; insurance institution; securities institution; brokerage firm; social purpose financial institution that has been duly registered before the National Commission for the Protection and Defence of Financial Services and Customers; public bonded warehouse; credit union; and mutual fund management company that fulfills the requirements established in the Mutual Funds Law.
- 152.
GLNICO Arts. 381 and 395.
- 153.
See García (2010), passim.
- 154.
GLNICO Art. 397.
- 155.
GLNICO Art. 398.
- 156.
IPL Art. 62.
- 157.
See Castillo et al. (2016), passim.
- 158.
GLNICO Art. 365.
- 159.
GLNICO Art. 347.
- 160.
GLNICO Art. 366.
- 161.
GLNICO Art. 367.
- 162.
GLNICO Art. 371.
- 163.
IPL Art. 62.
- 164.
FLC Art. 32.
- 165.
GLNICO Art. 376.
- 166.
GLNICO Art. 404.
- 167.
Federal Law of Public Brokerage Art. 6-II, OJ 29.12.1992. Last Amendment: OJ, 09.04.2012.
- 168.
UNCTAD, OMC, OMPI (2003), passim.
- 169.
See Morales Lechuga (2004), passim.
- 170.
See CINIF (2008), passim.
- 171.
See Torre Delgadillo (2012), pp. 308–310.
- 172.
Idem.
- 173.
Astudillo and Mancilla (2014), p. 19.
- 174.
Federal Civil Code Art. 2980.
- 175.
Federal Civil Code Art. 2981.
- 176.
Federal Civil Code Art. 2984.
- 177.
Federal Civil Code Art. 2985.
- 178.
GLNICO Arts. 365-366.
- 179.
GLNICO Art. 404.
- 180.
Regulation of the Public Registry of Commerce OJ, 24.10.2003 amended on OJ, 30.12.14. See Art. 31.
- 181.
GLNICO Arts. 367-372.
- 182.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Law (IBL) was published on the OJ, 12.05.2000 and amended on 10.01.2014.
- 183.
IBL Art. 217.
- 184.
According to IBL Art. 219, creditors with collateral will receive the payment of their credits from the proceeds of the assets, subject to their liens; creditors with special privileges, common creditors, and subordinated creditors shall be completely excluded in accordance with the applicable regulations regarding the registration date of the guarantee mechanism.
- 185.
It shall be mentioned that the Mexican Labour Law protects the rights of workers in the event of insolvency. Thus, according to Federal Labor Law Art. 113, “the salaries earned during the last year and the indemnity owed to the workers have priority over any other credit, including credits that benefit from “in rem” guarantees, tax credits, and credits for the Mexican Social Security Institute, and over all of the assets of the employer.”
- 186.
IBL Art. 221.
- 187.
Nevertheless, Chadbourne & Parke LLP observe that because the assets remain on the debtor’s books for accounting and tax purposes, the bankruptcy of the debtor could result in challenges to the transfer from third parties based on discrepancies and the favourable treatment of certain creditors, and one should consider whether a court could conclude that such a transfer is a fraudulent transfer or priority. See Chadbourne & Parke LLP (2009), passim.
- 188.
See Alford (2016), passim.
- 189.
GLNICO Art. 358.
- 190.
Goebel Caviedes designates these mechanisms as “Blanket Liens”. See Goebel Caviedes (2005), pp. 72–73.
- 191.
See Alford (2016), passim.
- 192.
Baker & McKenzie (2008), pp. 70–71.
- 193.
This conclusion was reached by the Director of the Regional Office of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property at the Bajío, Alejando Salas Domínguez.
- 194.
GLNICO Arts. 338- 342.
- 195.
GLNICO Art. 344.
- 196.
Federal Civil Code Art. 2876.
- 197.
GLNICO Art. 342.
- 198.
GLNICO Arts. 349-351.
- 199.
GLNICO Art. 398.
- 200.
GLNICO Arts. 399-401.
- 201.
GLNICO Art. 375.
- 202.
GLNICO Art. 405.
- 203.
GLNICO Arts. 346 and 402.
- 204.
Commercial Code chapter II Arts. 1414 Bis – 1414 Bis 6.
- 205.
Commercial Code Arts. 1414 Bis. 7-1414 Bis 20.
- 206.
See Chadbourne & Parke LLP (2009), passim.
- 207.
Idem.
- 208.
IBL Art. 2.
- 209.
IBL Art. 9.
- 210.
IBL Art. 20.
- 211.
IBL Art. 21.
- 212.
IBL Art. 24.
- 213.
IBL Art. 29.
- 214.
IBL Art. 41.
- 215.
IBL Art. 10.
- 216.
See Sainz (2016), passim.
- 217.
IBL Art. 147.
- 218.
See Chadbourne & Parke LLP (2009), passim.
- 219.
Chadbourne & Parke LLP observe that secured creditors’ claims are satisfied from the collateral to the extent of the collateral’s value; however, if the claim is greater than the value of the collateral, the resulting deficiency claim will be considered an unsecured claim. Idem.
- 220.
IBL Art. 145.
- 221.
IBL Art. 167.
- 222.
IBL Arts. 164-165.
- 223.
Backer McKenzie (2016), passim.
- 224.
IBL Arts. 197-198.
- 225.
See Chadbourne & Parke LLP (2009), passim.
- 226.
Idem.
- 227.
Idem.
- 228.
See Phelan et al. (2012), passim.
- 229.
See Rivero Andere (2017), passim.
- 230.
According to Machorro JC notary fees and registration are quite expensive in Mexico particulary where registration duties are based on the value of the secured debts. See Machorro and Santamarina y Steta SC (2010), passim.
- 231.
Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (2018), passim.
- 232.
Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor (2017), passim.
- 233.
This is the view taken by Alejando Salas Domínguez, Director of the Regional Office of Mexican Institute of Industrial Property at the Bajío.
- 234.
See Devolder (2016).
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Legal Provisions
Annex I: National Legal Framework for Security Transactions and IP in Mexico
Commercial Code, “Código de Comercio”, Official Journal 13.12.1889. (Last Amendment 02.05.2017)
Federal Civil Code, ”Código Civil Federal”, Official Journal 31.08.1928 (Last Amendment 24.12.2013)
Federal Labor Law, “Ley Federal del Trabajo”, Official Journal 01.04.1970 (Last Amendment 12.06.2015)
Federal Law of Administrative Procedure,” Ley Federal de Procedimiento Administrativo”, Official Journal, 04.08.1994. (Last Amendment 02.05.2017)
Federal Code of Civil Proceedings, “Ley Federal del Procedimientos Civiles”, Official Journal, 24.02.1943. (Last Amendment 09.04.2012)
Federal Law of Copyright, “Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor”, Official Journal, 24.12.1996. (Last Amendment, 13.01.2016). The full text in English may be found at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3079
Federal Law of Public Brokerage, “Ley Federal de Correduría Pública”, Official Journal, 29.12.1992. (Last Amendment in OJ 09.04.2012)
Federal Penal Code, “Código Penal Federal”, Official Journal, 14.08.1931. (Last Amendment 26.06.17)
General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Operations, “Ley General de Títulos y Operaciones de Crédito”, Official Journal, 27.08.1932. (Last Amendment, 13.06.14)
General Law on Credit Institutions and Auxiliary Activities, “Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliaries del Crédito”, Official Journal, 14.01.1985. (Last Amendment 10.01.2014)
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Law, “Ley de Concursos Mercantiles”, Official Journal 12.05.2000. (Last Amendment 10.01.2014)
Law of Credit Institutions,” Ley de Instituciones de Crédito“, Official Journal, 18.07.1990. (Last Amendment 17.06.2016)
Law on Industrial Property, “Ley de la Propiedad Industrial”, Official Journal, 27.06.1991. (Last Amendment 18.05.2018). The full text in English (amended version, 25.01.2006) may be found at: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/mx/mx029en.pdf
Mexican Constitution, “Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos“, Official Journal, 05.02.1917. (Last Amendment 24.02.2017)
Securities Market Law, “Ley de Mercado de Valores”, Official Journal 18.10.1990. (Last Amendment 10.01.2014)
Regulations
Regulation of the Public Registry of Commerce, “Reglamento del Registro Público de Comercio”, Official Journal, 24.10.2003. (Last Amendment 20.12.2016)
Regulations of the Industrial Property Law, “Reglamento de la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial”, Official Journal, 23.11.1994. (Last Amendment 16.12.2016)
Regulations of the Federal Law on Copyright, “Reglamento de la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor”, Official Journal, 22.05.1998. (Last Amendment 14.09.2005)
Model Laws
OAS, Model Registry Regulations under the model Inter-American Law on Secured Transactions, 09.10.2009
UNCITRAL, Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions, adopted by the General Assembly on December 11, 2008
Annex II: International Legal Framework for IP in Mexico
Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration. OJ 11.07.1964. In force since 26.01.2001
Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization. OJ 21.01.1975. In force since 14.06.1975
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. OJ 27.07.1976. In force since 26.07.1976
Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol. OJ 02.08.1985. In force since 16.05.1985
North American Free Trade Agreement, “Tratado de libre Comercio de América del Norte”, 17.12.1992. In force since 01.01.1994
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). OJ 25.07.1994. In force since 01.01.1995
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization). OJ 30.12.1994. In force since 1994
International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). OJ 07.12.1995. In force since 1997
Regulation of the Patent Cooperation Treaty. OJ 31.12.1995. In force since 01.01.1995
Regulation of the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration. In force since 1966.
Marrakesh Agreement (establishing the WTO). OJ 30.12.1994. In force since 01.01.1995
Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks. In force since 26.01.2001
Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs. In force since 26.01.2001
Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks. In force since 21.03.2001
Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification (IPC). In force since 26.10.2001
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Murguía-Goebel, L. (2020). Security Rights in Intellectual Property in Mexico. In: Kieninger, EM. (eds) Security Rights in Intellectual Property. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 45. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44191-3_19
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