Skip to main content

Shifts in Intergenerational Solidarity: Eldercare in the Turkish Community of a Belgian City

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Shifting Solidarities

Abstract

In this chapter, we analyse shifts in intergenerational solidarity in eldercare in a Turkish immigrant community in Belgium. We observe two ongoing shifts, though both are still in initial phases. The first is a shift from external cultural obligation to supply family care to a more internalised sense of obligation among adult children. The second shift concerns a transition in relation to the legal dimension of solidarity. While individuals in the Turkish immigrant community contribute to professional care and care insurance through taxes and contributions, they make little use of them. We see early signs of an increased openness towards professional care, enabling the integration of the Turkish community in professional care and care insurance beyond merely contributing to the system, and using those services too.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arnsperger, C., & Varoufakis, Y. (2003). Toward a theory of solidarity. Erkenntnis, 59(2), 157–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P., Hale, B. & Gauld, R. (2012). Social inclusion through ageing-in-place with care? Ageing & Society, 32(3), 361–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baurmann, M. (1999). Solidarity as a social norm and as a constitutional norm. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 243–272). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bayertz, K. (1999). Four uses of “solidarity”. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 3–28). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baykara-Krumme, H., & Fokkema, T. (2019). The impact of migration on intergenerational solidarity types. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(10), 1707–1727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, V. L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, V. L., & Roberts, R. E. L. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(4), 856–870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierhoff, H. W., & Küpper, B. (1999). Social psychology of solidarity. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 133–156). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bordone, V. (2015). Est modus in rebus: A longitudinal study of intergenerational solidarity and locus of Control. Ageing & Society, 35(6), 1242–1277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, I. (2008). Zijn de care-voorzieningen klaar voor de groeiende groep Turkse en Marokkaanse ouderen in Den Haag? Een literatuurverkenning. Epidemiologisch Bulletin, 43(2/3), 13–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coicaud, J.-M. (2011). Solidarity. In B. Badie, D. Berg-Schlosser, & L. Morlino (Eds.), International encyclopedia of political science (pp. 2465–2469). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cureton, A. (2012). Solidarity and social moral rules. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 15(5), 691–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer, A., & de Klerk, M. (2004). Hulp bij persoonlijke en huishoudelijke verzorging: thuiszorg en informele hulp. In R. Schellingerhout (Ed.), Gezondheid en welzijn van allochtone ouderen (pp. 159–184). Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Boer, A., & Schellingerhout, R. (2004). Sociaal netwerk en verwachte steun. In R. Schellingerhout (Ed.), Gezondheid en welzijn van allochtone ouderen (pp. 53–78). Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Graaff, F. M., & Francke, A. L. (2003). Home care for terminally ill Turks and Moroccans and their families in the Netherlands: Carers’ experiences and factors influencing ease of access and use of services. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40(8), 797–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Graaff, F. M., Mistiaen, P., Devillé, W. L. J. M., & Francke, A. L. (2012). Perspectives on care and communication involving incurably ill Turkish and Moroccan patients, relatives and professionals: A systematic literature review. BMC Palliative Care, 11, 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Tavernier, W. (2016). The family as provider of welfare: The role of gender and the family in welfare opinions, preferences, actions and outcomes. Doctoral dissertation. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Tavernier, W., & Draulans, V. (2019). Negotiating informal elder care, migration and exclusion: The case of a Turkish immigrant community in Belgium. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 12(2), 89–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Valk, H. A. G., & Schans, D. (2008). ‘They ought to do this for their parents’: Perceptions of filial obligations among immigrant and Dutch older people. Ageing & Society, 28(1), 49–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derpmann, S. (2009). Solidarity and cosmopolitanism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12(3), 303–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. (1964). The division of labor in society. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fokkema, T., ter Bekke, S. & Dykstra, P. A. (2008). Solidarity between parents and their adult children in Europe. NiDi Report No. 76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (1994). After the family wage: Gender equality and the welfare state. Political Theory, 22(4), 591–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hootsen, M. M., Rozema, N., & van Grondelle, N. J. (2013). Zorgen voor je ouders is een manier van leven: Een kwalitatief onderzoek onder mantelzorgers van Turkse, Marokkaanse en Surinaamse ouderen met dementie. Utrecht: Pharos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, V., Johnston, B. V., Nichols, L. T., Oliner, S. P., Tiryakian, E., & Weinstein, J. (2006). Altruism and social solidarity: Envisioning a field of specialization. The American Sociologist, 37(3), 67–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khushf, G. (1999). Solidarity as a moral and political concept: Beyond the liberal/communitarian impasse. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 57–79). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kotsadam, A. (2011). Does informal eldercare impede women’s employment? The case of European welfare states. Feminist Economics, 17(2), 121–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitner, S., & Lessenich, S. (2003). Assessing welfare state change: The German social insurance state between reciprocity and solidarity. Journal of Public Policy, 23(3), 325–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. (2001). The decline of the male breadwinner model: Implications for work and care. Social Politics, 8(2), 152–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lodewijckx, E. & Luyten, D. (2016). Samenhuizen van volwassen kinderen met hun ouders. Situering en evoluties. In D. Luyten, K. Emmery & E. Mechels (Red.), Zoals het klokje thuis tikt. Samenhuizen van volwassen kinderen met hun ouders (pp. 13–41). Antwerpen-Apeldoorn: Garant.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merz, E.-M., Schuengel, C., & Schulze, H.-J. (2007). Intergenerational solidarity: An attachment perspective. Journal of Aging Studies, 21(2), 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfau-Effinger, B., & Rostgaard, T. (Eds.). (2011). Care between work and welfare in European societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prainsack, B., & Buyx, A. (2012). Solidarity in contemporary bioethics—Towards a new approach. Bioethics, 26(7), 343–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawls, J. (1973). A theory of justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santoro, M. (2014). Intergenerational solidarity between parents and adult children: A qualitative research among cohabiting and married children in Italy. International Review of Sociology—Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 24(3), 471–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellingerhout, R., & de Klerk, M. (2004). Gebruik van medische voorzieningen. In R. Schellingerhout (Ed.), Gezondheid en welzijn van allochtone ouderen (pp. 136–158). Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schokkaert, E., & Van Parijs, P. (2003). Debate on social justice and pension reform: Social justice and the reform of Europe’s pension systems. Journal of European Social Policy, 13(3), 245–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stad Genk—Dienst bevolking. (2019). Genk in cijfers. De Genkse bevolking. Situatie op, January 1, 2019. Online available at: https://genk.incijfers.be/dashboard/demografie.

  • Steinvorth, U. (1999). The concept and possibilities of solidarity. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 29–37). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szinovacz, M. E., & Davey, A. (2008). The division of parent care between spouses. Ageing & Society, 28(4), 571–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talloen, D. (2007). Zorg voor allochtone ouderen. Mechelen: Wolters Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thijssen, P. (2016). Intergenerational solidarity: the paradox of reciprocity imbalance in ageing welfare states. The British Journal of Sociology, 67(4), 592–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thome, H. (1999). Solidarity: Theoretical perspectives for empirical research. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 101–131). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Buren, L. P., Hallich, B., Cleven, M., Joung, I. M. A., van Koutrik, J., & Yerden, İ. (2005). Mantelzorg in de Turkse cultuur: Zorg aan chronisch zieke Turkse ouderen in Nederland. Rotterdam: GGD Rotterdam e.o. en Primo nh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, I., & Tonkens, E. (2013). Talking active citizenship: Framing welfare state reform in England and the Netherlands. Social Policy and Society, 12(3), 415–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widegren, Ö. (1997). Social solidarity and social exchange. Sociology, 31(4), 755–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yerden, İ. (2013). Tradities in de knel: Zorgverwachtingen en zorgpraktijk bij Turkse ouderen en hun kinderen in Nederland. Doctoral dissertation. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., & Manchin, R. (2012). Population aging and intergenerational solidarity: International policy frameworks and European public opinion. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 10(3), 214–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Veerle Draulans .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Draulans, V., De Tavernier, W. (2020). Shifts in Intergenerational Solidarity: Eldercare in the Turkish Community of a Belgian City. In: Van Hoyweghen, I., Pulignano, V., Meyers, G. (eds) Shifting Solidarities . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44062-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44062-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44061-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44062-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics