Abstract
Ductility facilitates reforming but elastic modulus provides the strength of steel. It all depends on constituents and phases in steel. The previous discussion emphasizes steel production is a multi-step process that has to pass through the exhaustive environment and thus possibilities of inclusions despite targeted compositions. This drawback reduces the steel performance and therefore modern amenities demand clean steel for an extensive range of applications. An excellent choice of new class of modern refractory is required to avoid contamination and maintain desired properties of steel. Detailed discussion concentrated on probable inclusions by refractories, the stability of refractory oxides to produce clean steel, low carbon-containing refractories through the adoption of nanotechnology like using nano-carbon and graphene. Magnesia–alumina–graphite refractories and spinel refractory are highlighted in view of the carbon reduction in a ladle and continuous casting refractories to make clean steel. Several operational features and refractory choice of large tundish including hydrogen pickup reduction in steel through non-aqueous resin-bonded dry-vibrating mass (DVM) is discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
A. Burh, R. Bruckhausen, R. Fahndrich, “The steel industry in Germany – Trends in clean steel technology and refractory engineering”, Refractories world-forum 8 (2016) [1]
Gunnar Kunz, “Ladle refractories for clean steel production”, RHI Bulletin, No 2, 2010, pp 30–40
Chunyang LIU, Xu GAO, et al., “Dissolution behavior of Mg from MgO-C refractory in Al-killed molten steel”, ISIJ International, Vol 58, No 3, 2018, pp 488–495
Satyananda Behera, Ritwik Sarkar, “Nano-carbon containing low carbon magnesia carbon refractory: an overview”, Protection of metals and physical chemistry of surfaces, Vol 52, No 3,(2016) pp 467–474
Mousom Bag, Sukumar Adak, Ritwik Sarkar, “Study on low carbon containing MgO-C refractory: Use of nano-carbon”, Ceramic International 38 (2012) pp 2339–2346
Kalyani Ravi, Subir Biswas, Sanat Hazra, “Use of low carbon content Nano-carbon added Magnesia-carbon bricks in steel ladle metal zone at Tata Steel, Jamshedpur”, Taikabutsu, vol 71, no 4, 2019
R. Sarkar, “Refractory Applications of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel”, Refractories Manual 2010, Interceram Refractories, pp 11–14
Hoteiya M., et al.: “Use of an alumina magnesia castable for steel ladle side walls. Taikabutsu Overseas 16 (1996) [4] 104
Kimiaki S., et al.: “Magnesia spinel brick containing MgO rich spinel for steel refining ladle”. Proceedings of UNITECR (1995), vol. 3, 257–64
Axel Eschner, Klaus Santowski, Hans Braun,” Wear mechanism of alumina-spinel bricks in steel ladles”. UNITECR 1995, pp 250–256
E.Y.Sako, M.A.L. Braulio, V.C. Pandolfelli,” Microstructural road map to attain high corrosion resistant spinel refractory castables for steel ladles
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Biswas, S., Sarkar, D. (2020). Modern Refractory Practice for Clean Steel. In: Introduction to Refractories for Iron- and Steelmaking. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43807-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43807-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43806-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43807-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)