Abstract
Approximately 56.6 million children attend school in the U.S., spending more waking time during the week at school than at home. Schools and school communities must consider the unique needs of children and be prepared at all times to respond to natural and human-caused threats, emergencies, and disasters. This chapter discusses school emergency preparedness, including the functions of the School Emergency Operations Team and how to develop a School Emergency Operations Plan. The role of the school nurse in emergency and disaster preparedness, response, and recovery is outlined, as well as school considerations for the specific threats of pandemics and active shooter incidents.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ALICE Training Institute [Internet]. ALICE: alert, lockdown, inform, counter, evacuate. 2019. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.alicetraining.com/training-options/organization-certification/.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (P.L. 110-325) [Internet]. n.d. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ325/html/PLAW-110publ325.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Pandemic basics. 2016. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/index.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Preventions, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [Internet]. CDC pandemic influenza plan: 2017 update. 2017. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/pan-flu-report-2017v2.pdf.
Cox J, Rich S, Chiu A, Muyskens J, Ulmanu M. [Internet]. More than 228,000 students have experienced gun violence at school since Columbine. The Washington Post. 2019. [Cited 2019 May 8]. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/school-shootings-database/?utm_term=.e564d2169cbf.
I Love U Guys Foundation [Internet]. The standard response protocol K12: operational guidance for schools, districts, and agencies. 2015. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. http://iloveuguys.org/srp/SRP%20K12%20Operation%20Guidelines%202015.pdf.
Illinois Emergency Medical Services for Children [Internet]. Guidelines for the nurse in the school setting. 3rd ed. 2017. https://ssom.luc.edu/media/stritchschoolofmedicine/emergencymedicine/emsforchildren/documents/resources/practiceguidelinestools/Guidelines%20for%20the%20Nurse%20in%20the%20School%20Setting%203rd%20Edition%20April%202017%20Final.pdf.
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science [Internet]. Preparedness, response, and recovery considerations for children and families: workshop summary. 2014. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.nap.edu/read/18550/chapter/1.
Kruger J. Brener N, Leeb R, Wolkin A, Avchen RN, Dziuban E. [Internet]. School district crisis preparedness, response, and recovery plans—United States, 2006, 2012, and 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(30):809–14. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6730a1.
National Association of School Nurses [Internet]. School emergency triage training (SETT). 2017a. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.nasn.org/programs/conferences/sett.
National Association of School Nurses. School emergency triage training (SETT): a program for school nurses instructor manual. Silver Springs: Author; 2017b. [Cited 2019 Sept 25].
National Association of School Nurses [Internet]. Position statement: emergency preparedness. 2019. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.nasn.org/nasn/advocacy/professional-practice-documents/position-statements/ps-emergency-preparedness.
National Association of School Psychologists [Internet]. Natural disasters: brief tips and facts. 2016. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. http://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources/school-safety-and-crisis/natural-disaster/natural-disasters-brief-facts-and-tips.
National Association of School Psychologists and National Association of School Resource Officers [Internet]. Best practice considerations for schools in active shooter and other armed assailant drills. Bethesda: National Association of School Psychologists; 2017. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-climate-safety-and-crisis/systems-level-prevention/best-practice-considerations-for-schools-in-active-shooter-and-other-armed-assailant-drills.
National Center for Education Statistics [Internet]. Fast facts: back to school statistics. 2018. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372.
National Education Association [Internet]. School crisis guide: help and healing in a time of crisis. 2018. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/NEA%20School%20Crisis%20Guide%202018.pdf.
Pappas M. From local school nurse to national advocate. NASN Sch Nurse. 2011;26(3):180–2. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X11404559.
Save the Children [Internet]. The 2015 National report card on protecting children in disasters. 2015. [Cited Sept 25, 2019]. https://rems.ed.gov/docs/DisasterReport_2015.pdf.
Selekman J, Melvin J. Planning for a violent intruder event. NASN Sch Nurse. 2017;32(3):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X16686140.
Shannon RA, Guilday P. Emergency and disaster preparedness and response for schools. In: Selekman J, Shannon RA, Yonkaitis CF, editors. School nursing: a comprehensive text. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 2019. p. 457–77.
U.S Department of Homeland Security [Internet]. Active shooter preparedness. 2017. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.dhs.gov/active-shooter-preparedness.
U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Emergency Management Agency [Internet]. Guide for developing high-quality school emergency operations plans. 2013. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. http://rems.ed.gov/docs/REMS_K-12_Guide_508.pdf.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [Internet]. START adult triage algorithm. 2017a. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/startadult.htm.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [Internet]. Chemical hazards emergency medical management, JumpSTART Pediatric Triage Algorithm. 2017b. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/startpediatric.htm#more.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security [Internet]. Stop the Bleed. n.d. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.dhs.gov/stopthebleed.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management System [Internet]. National incident management system. 2017. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1508151197225-ced8c60378c3936adb92c1a3ee6f6564/FINAL_NIMS_2017.pdf.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency [Internet]. Incident management team. 2017. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://emilms.fema.gov/IS700aNEW/NIMS0105summary.htm.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency [Internet]. Multihazard emergency planning for schools toolkit. n.d. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://training.fema.gov/programs/emischool/el361toolkit/start.htm.
White House, Office of the Press Secretary [Internet]. Presidential policy directive—critical infrastructure security and resilience. 2013. [Cited 2019 Sept 25]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil.
Willgerodt M, Brock D. [Internet]. NASN school nurse workforce study: school nurses in the U.S. 2016. https://www.nasn.org/research/school-nurse-workforce.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shannon, R.A. (2020). Emergency and Disaster Nursing in Schools. In: Goodhue, C., Blake, N. (eds) Nursing Management of Pediatric Disaster. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43427-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43428-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)