Abstract
The mutual relations of the European Union (EU), the Russian Federation (RF) and the Republic of Turkey (RT) are characterized by lasting economic relationships and political returns. In RF and RT, the judicial system is used to brutally combat all expressions of political disagreement with interest groups in power for decades. It is therefore not surprising that EU relations with both countries remain poor and accession negotiations with RT stalled. RF and RT leaders have many common goals that primarily serve to maintain power. President Putin is already preparing the foreground for future presidential elections in 2024. The creation of a new government in January 2020 and the simultaneous launch of social assistance programs is to improve the image of power and help win parliamentary elections in 2021. Putin has at least three options. Similarly, President Erdogan’s goal is to re-elect the country’s leader in 2023, the 100th anniversary of the Turkish Republic. Actions in all areas of social life are subordinated to this. Moscow will attempt to make Ankara economically and politically dependent to use it as a tool in disputes with EU countries, where it will not necessarily want to be directly involved. Although this relationship has not yet occurred, RF is already using RT to force the EU to divide the gas and oil exploration and extraction zones in the Eastern Mediterranean. In turn, RT authorities will make efforts to maintain an equal distance between RF, EU and the USA.
A Shift in the Security Paradigm—Global Challenges: is Europe ready to meet them? Edited by J. Martín Ramírez, and Jerzy Biziewski. © 2020 Springer International. Submitted: July 14, 2019; Accepted: January 27, 2020.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
This index is between 11 (Finland), through 29 (Germany) and 43 (France) up to 80 (Macedonia). In RF, these indicators remain above 59 and in places reach 88, which means a significant threat to health. Similarly, high pollution is recorded in Turkey, where in Izmir it is 60 and in Istanbul it is close to 70.
- 2.
Active duty, 1/3 are draftees for 1 year. They cannot take part in combat operations.
- 3.
Turkey, Russia seek new ways to reach $100 bn in bilateral trade. 1500 businessmen invested $10 bn on Russian market. Turkish contractors have undertaken 1,961 projects worth $73 bn.
- 4.
Between 2014 and 2018, the African continent—excluding Egypt—accounted for 17% of Russia’s major arms exports. Of those 17%, Algeria consumed 14%. (BBC; SIPRI). In 2017–2018, Russia had weapons deals with Angola, Nigeria, Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso and Equatorial Guinea. These included fighter jets, combat and transport helicopters, anti-tank missiles and engines for fighter planes. Russia has signed military cooperation agreements with 19 African countries.
- 5.
Khortum, annual capacity 12 million passengers.
References
Baume M (2019) Germany, France to curb arms sales to Turkey over Syria operation. https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-to-curb-arms-sales
BBC (2019) Russia Africa summit: what’s behind Moscow’s push into the continent? 23 Oct 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889
Bekdil B, Bodner M (2019) No obliteration: Western arms embargo has little impact on Turkey as it looks east. https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2019/10/24/no-obliteration-western-arms-embargo-has-little-impact-on-turkey-as-it-looks-east
Country Meters (2020) Russian Federation 2020. https://countrymeters.info/en/Russian_Federation
Country Meters (2020) Turkey Population 2020. https://countrymeters.info/en/Turkey
Daily Sabah (2019a) Turkey, Russia seek new ways to reach $100B in bilateral trade. https://www.dailysabah.com
Daily Sabah (2019b) Turkey emphasizes cooperation, solidarity with African countries. https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2019/05/27/turkey-emphasizes-cooperation-solidarity-with-african-countries
EU (2019) Sanctions Map. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/06/27/russia-eu-prolongs-economic-sanctions-by-six-months/
European Commission (2020) Countries and regions. Russia. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/
European Commission (2020) Countries and regions. Turkey. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/turkey/
European Union (2019) Sanctions Map. Restrictive measures. https://www.sanctionsmap.eu/#/main/details/49/?
Hungerford J, Reynolds L, Whitfield J (2019) European Union Imposes Sanctions on Turkey. https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/perspectives-events/publications/2019/11/european-union-imposes-sanctions-on-turkey
Hurriyet Daily News (2018) Turkish firm to start building Sudan’s biggest airport. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-firm-to-start-building-sudans-biggest-airport-138029
Hurriyet Daily News (2019) New military service law approved. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-parliament-ratifies-new-military-service-law-144475
Kasapoglu C (2018) Robust fighting force. Turkey Remains NATO Pillar, 06 July 2018. https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/robust-fighting-force-turkey-remains-nato-pillar-20939
Moscow Times (2019) Russia’s natural population declining to hit 11-year record in 2019, 13 December 2019. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/12/13/russias-natural-population-decline-hit-11-year-record-2019-a68612
Moscow Times (2019) Russia’s political prisoner population grew sixfold in 4 years-NGO, 10 July 2019. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/10/russias-political-prisoner-population-grew-sixfold-in-4-years-ngo-a66348
Polska Z (2019) Leopards in a trap, 08 Apr 2019. http://www.polska-zbrojna.pl/home/articleshow/28016?t=Leopards-in-a-Trap
Raport o Turcji (2019) https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Raport-o-Turcji-gospodarka-w-recesji-lira-zagrozona-atakiem-spekulacyjnym-analiza-cz-III-7692962.html
Russian military personnel—conscription. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/personnel-draft.htm
Transparency International (2019). https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019
World Bank (2020) GDP per capita. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
World Bank Group (2020) Doing business 2020. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/688761571934946384/pdf/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf
World’s Top Exports (2020) Russia’s top trading partners. http://www.worldstopexports.com/russias-top-import-partners/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Biziewski, J. (2020). European Union Vis-A-Vis Russian Federation, and Turkey. In: Ramírez, J.M., Biziewski, J. (eds) A Shift in the Security Paradigm. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43253-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43253-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43252-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43253-9
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)