Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have gained recent attention from the research community due to the extraordinary combination of properties including tunable electrical conductivity , easy route of preparation, light in weight, easy to process, etc. These exclusive properties enable the use of CPs in many intriguing applications including modern electrochemical devices. The commonly adopted synthesis strategies utilized for the synthesis of CPs include chemical and electrochemical polymerization routes. The electrical conductivity of CPs can be tuned easily by altering the types of doping and concentration of doping. This chapter also discusses the efficacy and benefits of dopants to improve the conduction properties of common CPs. The new application areas of CPs comprise supercapacitors, sensors, solar cells , corrosion inhibitors, light-emitting diodes, EMI shielding, electrochromic devices, transistors, and many more. This review provides concise yet comprehensive introductory information on the CPs including the types of common CPS, their mechanism of conduction, attractive properties, and diverse application areas to have a broad overview of this field of research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
G. Inzelt, J. Solid State Electrochem. 21, 1965 (2017)
K.K. Kar, Composite Materials: Processing, Applications, Characterizations (Springer, 2016)
S.K. Singh, H. Prakash, M. Akhtar, K.K. Kar, A.C.S. Sustain, Chem. Eng. 6, 5381 (2018)
H. Shirakawa, A. McDiarmid, A. Heeger, Chem. Commun. 2003, 1 (2003)
T.A. Skotheim, J. Reynolds, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 2 Volume Set (CRC press, 2007)
T.M. Swager, Macromolecules 50, 4867 (2017)
T. Otero, J. Martinez, J. Mater. Chem. B 4, 2069 (2016)
J. Cherusseri, K.K. Kar, RSC Adv. 5, 34335 (2015)
K.K. Kar, S. Rana, J. Pandey, Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites Processing, Performance and Application (Springer, 2015)
S. Banerjee, K.K. Kar, M.K. Das, Recent Pat. Mater. Sci. 7, 173 (2014)
S. Banerjee, K.K. Kar, Recent Pat. Mater. Sci. 7, 131 (2014)
M. Hundley, P. Adams, B. Mattes, Synth. Met. 129, 291 (2002)
R. Ravichandran, S. Sundarrajan, J.R. Venugopal, S. Mukherjee, S. Ramakrishna, J. Royal Soc. Interface 7, S559 (2010)
A.G. MacDiarmid, R. Mammone, R. Kaner, L. Porter, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A 314, 3 (1985)
D. Trivedi, H. Nalwa, Wiley, New York 2, 505 (1997)
T.-H. Le, Y. Kim, H. Yoon, Polymers 9, 150 (2017)
A. Patil, A. Heeger, F. Wudl, Chem. Rev. 88, 183 (1988)
K.K. Kar, A. Hodzic, Developments in Nanocomposites (2014)
X. Lu, W. Zhang, C. Wang, T.-C. Wen, Y. Wei, Prog. Polym. Sci. 36, 671 (2011)
J. Stejskal, I. Sapurina, M. Trchová, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 1420 (2010)
H. Shirakawa, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40, 2574 (2001)
H. Shirakawa, T. Ito, S. Ikeda, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 179, 1565 (1978)
P.J. Nigrey, D. MacInnes, D.P. Nairns, A.G. MacDiarmid, A.J. Heeger, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128, 1651 (1981)
J. Tsukamoto, A. Takahashi, K. Kawasaki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 29, 125 (1990)
A. Upadhyay, S. Karpagam, Rev. Chem. Eng. 35, 351 (2019)
J. Stejskal, R. Gilbert, Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 857 (2002)
P. Bober, T. Lindfors, M. Pesonen, J. Stejskal, Synth. Met. 178, 52 (2013)
R. Castagna, R. Momentè, G. Pariani, G. Zerbi, A. Bianco, C. Bertarelli, Polym. Chem. 5, 6779 (2014)
A. Eftekhari, Nanostructured Conductive Polymers (Wiley, 2011)
J. Cherusseri, K.K. Kar, J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 9910 (2016)
V.V. Tat’yana, O.N. Efimov, Russ. Chem. Rev. 66, 443 (1997)
R. Ansari, J. Chem. 3, 186 (2006)
J. Cherusseri, K.K. Kar, PCCP 18, 8587 (2016)
S. Banerjee, K.K. Kar, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4, 299 (2016)
J. Cherusseri, K.K. Kar, RSC Adv. 6, 60454 (2016)
R.A. Khalkhali, Iran. Polym. J. 53 (2004)
B. Yeole, T. Sem, D. Hansora, S. Mishra, Am. J. Sens. Technol. 4, 10 (2017)
H. Kokubo, T. Sato, T. Yamamoto, Macromolecules 39, 3959 (2006)
H.-F. Lu, H.S. Chan, S.-C. Ng, Macromolecules 36, 1543 (2003)
I. McCulloch et al., Nat. Mater. 5, 328 (2006)
T. Yamamoto et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 2047 (1998)
G. Tourillon, F. Garnier, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfac. Electrochem. 135, 173 (1982)
T. Yamamoto, K.-I. Sanechika, A. Yamamoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 56, 1503 (1983)
M. Loponen, T. Taka, J. Laakso, K. Väkiparta, K. Suuronen, P. Valkeinen, J.-E. Österholm, Synth. Met. 41, 479 (1991)
R.D. McCullough, S. Tristram-Nagle, S.P. Williams, R.D. Lowe, M. Jayaraman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 4910 (1993)
J. Bartuš, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. 28, 917 (1991)
D.T. McQuade, A.E. Pullen, T.M. Swager, Chem. Rev. 100, 2537 (2000)
C.B. Nielsen, I. McCulloch, Prog. Polym. Sci. 38, 2053 (2013)
K. Kaneto, K. Yoshino, Y. Inuishi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 22, L567 (1983)
S. Glenis, G. Horowitz, G. Tourillon, F. Garnier, Thin Solid Films 111, 93 (1984)
G.E. Wnek, J.C. Chien, F.E. Karasz, C.P. Lillya, Polymer 20, 1441 (1979)
R. Chance, L. Shacklette, G. Miller, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 348 (1980)
D. Ivory, G. Miller, J. Sowa, L. Shacklette, R. Chance, R. Baughman, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 1506 (1979)
L.W. Shacklette, R.L. Elsenbaumer, R.R. Chance, J.M. Sowa, D.M. Ivory, G.G. Miller, R.H. Baughman, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 361 (1982)
D.J. Sandman, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 325, 260 (1998)
S. Annapoorni, N. Sundaresan, S. Pandey, B. Malhotra, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 2109 (1993)
D. Kumar, R. Sharma, Eur. Polym. J. 34, 1053 (1998)
G.G. Wallace, P.R. Teasdale, G.M. Spinks, L.A. Kane-Maguire, Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems (CRC press, 2002)
G.A. Snook, A.I. Bhatt, M.E. Abdelhamid, A.S. Best, Aust. J. Chem. 65, 1513 (2012)
L. Groenendaal, G. Zotti, P.H. Aubert, S.M. Waybright, J.R. Reynolds, Adv. Mater. 15, 855 (2003)
G.A. Snook, A.S. Best, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 4248 (2009)
I. Villarreal, E. Morales, T. Otero, J. Acosta, Synth. Met. 123, 487 (2001)
R. Gracia, D. Mecerreyes, Polym. Chem. 4, 2206 (2013)
T. Otero, J. Martinez, J. Arias-Pardilla, Electrochim. Acta 84, 112 (2012)
G.A. Snook, G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, M. Hughes, M. Shaffer, J. Electroanal. Chem. 568, 135 (2004)
G.A. Snook, T.L. Greaves, A.S. Best, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 7622 (2011)
G. Zotti, S. Cattarin, N. Comisso, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfac. Electrochem. 239, 387 (1988)
W.K. Maser, R. Sainz, M.T. Martínez, A.M. Benito, Contrib. sci. 187 (2008)
A.G. Green, A.E. Woodhead, J. Chem. Soc. Transac. 101, 1117 (1912)
M. Wu, G.A. Snook, V. Gupta, M. Shaffer, D.J. Fray, G.Z. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. 15, 2297 (2005)
M.E. Abdelhamid, A.P. O’Mullane, G.A. Snook, RSC Adv. 5, 11611 (2015)
Y. Li, Organic Optoelectronic Materials, vol 91 (Springer, 2015)
N.K. Guimard, N. Gomez, C.E. Schmidt, Prog. Polym. Sci. 32, 876 (2007)
J. Tsukamoto, Adv. Phys. 41, 509 (1992)
B. Ashwini, P.U. Rohom, N. Chaure, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 83 (2016)
K. Kar, A. Hodzic, Carbon Nanotube based Nanocomposites: Recent Development (Research Publishing, Singapore, 2011)
R. Kumar, S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, R.K. Singh, W.K. Tan, K.K. Kar, A. Matsuda, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 75, 100786 (2019)
T.H. Le, N.T. Trinh, L.H. Nguyen, H.B. Nguyen, V.A. Nguyen, T.D. Nguyen, Adv. Natural Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4, 025014 (2013)
Y. Cao, P. Smith, A.J. Heeger, Synth. Met. 48, 91 (1992)
L. Lizarraga, E.M. Andrade, F.V. Molina, J. Electroanal. Chem. 561, 127 (2004)
Q. Pei, O. Inganäs, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 10507 (1992)
L. Bay, T. Jacobsen, S. Skaarup, K. West, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 8492 (2001)
W. Takashima, S.S. Pandey, M. Fuchiwaki, K. Kaneto, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, 7532 (2002)
A. Barnes, A. Despotakis, T. Wong, A. Anderson, B. Chambers, P. Wright, Smart Mater. Struct. 7, 752 (1998)
H. Pages, P. Topart, D. Lemordant, Electrochim. Acta 46, 2137 (2001)
C. Zhan, G. Yu, Y. Lu, L. Wang, E. Wujcik, S. Wei, J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 1569 (2017)
R.A. Davoglio, S.R. Biaggio, N. Bocchi, R.C. Rocha-Filho, Electrochim. Acta 93, 93 (2013)
M. Hao et al., J. Solid State Electrochem. 20, 665 (2016)
S. Wang, T. Gao, Y. Li, S. Li, G. Zhou, J. Solid State Electrochem. 21, 705 (2017)
Z. Zhou, X.-F. Wu, J. Power Sources 262, 44 (2014)
S. Hashmi, J. Solid State Electrochem. 18, 465 (2014)
J. Kim, Y. Jung, S. Kim, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15, 1443 (2015)
A. Guerfi, J. Trottier, C. Gagnon, F. Barray, K. Zaghib, J. Power Sources 335, 131 (2016)
L. Nyholm, G. Nyström, A. Mihranyan, M. Strømme, Adv. Mater. 23, 3751 (2011)
H. Hu, L. Cao, Q. Li, K. Ma, P. Yan, D.W. Kirk, RSC Adv. 5, 55209 (2015)
M.A. Komkova, E.A. Andreyev, V.N. Nikitina, V.A. Krupenin, D.E. Presnov, E.E. Karyakina, A.K. Yatsimirsky, A.A. Karyakin, Electroanalysis 27, 2055 (2015)
J. Kupis-Rozmysłowicz, M. Wagner, J. Bobacka, A. Lewenstam, J. Migdalski, Electrochim. Acta 188, 537 (2016)
M. Braik, M.M. Barsan, C. Dridi, M.B. Ali, C.M. Brett, Sensors Actuators B: Chem. 236, 574 (2016)
A. Kormányos, B. Endrődi, R. Ondok, A. Sápi, C. Janáky, Materials 9, 201 (2016)
E.P. Krivan, D. Ungor, C. Janáky, Z. Németh, C. Visy, J. Solid State Electrochem. 19, 37 (2015)
D. Hursán, A. Kormányos, K. Rajeshwar, C. Janáky, Chem. Commun. 52, 8858 (2016)
D. Hursán, G. London, B. Olasz, C. Janáky, Electrochim. Acta 217, 92 (2016)
T.V. Magdesieva, O.M. Nikitin, E.V. Zolotukhina, M.A. Vorotyntsev, Electrochim. Acta 122, 289 (2014)
P.P. Deshpande, D. Sazou, Corrosion Protection of Metals by Intrinsically Conducting Polymers (CRC Press, 2016)
U. Riaz, C. Nwaoha, S. Ashraf, Prog. Org. Coat. 77, 743 (2014)
J. Yan, Y. Huang, X. Chen, C. Wei, Synth. Met. 221, 291 (2016)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Department of Science and Technology, India (DST/TMD/MES/2K16/37(G)), for carrying out this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pal, T., Banerjee, S., Manna, P.K., Kar, K.K. (2020). Characteristics of Conducting Polymers. In: Kar, K. (eds) Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials I. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 300. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43009-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43009-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43008-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43009-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)