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Global Challenges and the Law of the Sea pp 111–120Cite as

Considerations on Some Global Institutional Challenges Within the Context of the Conservation and Management of Marine Living Resources

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Abstract

This chapter highlights relevant aspects of some of the challenges that the international community has recently dealt with and which will continue to have to be present in the coming years within the context of the conservation and management of marine living resources, in particular in the field of fisheries. The following governance related topics are the subject matter of analysis: the interplay between instruments of a binding nature and instruments of ‘soft law’; the role of important instruments that implement UNCLOS or which have been adopted to enable State practise to be in conformity with the general frameworks; the fragmentation of international law; the questions raised by the establishment of MPAs. A specific reference is made to the UN Conference on the instrument on the conservation and management of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction and to some specific issues related with this conference, namely the problematic raised by the taking into consideration, in the negotiation of this instrument, of the genetic marine resources. The chapter further contains an analysis of the importance of international organizations in the conservation and management of fisheries resources and of its relationship with other bodies responsible for the preservation of the marine environment. Finally, the text refers to the action of ITLOS, in particular in what concerns the application, in its jurisprudence, of a wide notion of conservation of marine living resources.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf. Arts 61 to 73 and 116 to 120, UNCLOS.

  2. 2.

    On the importance of the sector, Cf. Churchill (2014), pp. 23–52; Ariadno (2018), pp. 50–65.

  3. 3.

    Entered into force on 11 December 2011. For a general analysis, Cf. Hey (1989).

  4. 4.

    Art. 7 of the Agreement.

  5. 5.

    Approved on 24 November 1993 by Resolution 15/93 of the Twenty-Seventh Session of the FAO Conference. Entered into force on 24 April 2003.

  6. 6.

    Cf. the Preamble of the Agreement.

  7. 7.

    Cf., inter alia, Art. III, 1 (a) and Art. V, 1 and 2 of the Agreement.

  8. 8.

    The definition provided by Art. I (b) of the Agreement is the following: “‘international conservation and management measures’ means measures to conserve and manage one or more species of living marine resources that are adopted and applied in accordance with the relevant rules of international law as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (…).”

  9. 9.

    Another important instrument, in this context, is the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (approved by the FAO Conference at its Thirty-sixth Session in 2009. Entered into force on 5 June 2016). For the aspects related with the national space, Cf. Tsamenyi and Hanich (2013), pp. 109–119.

  10. 10.

    Adopted through Resolution 4/95 by the FAO Conference on 31 October 1995. For a general analysis, Cf. Cardoso (2000), pp. 227–240; Courtil (2009), pp. 87–97; Treves (2014), pp. 301–307.

  11. 11.

    Cf. Fleischer (1985), pp. 910–911.

  12. 12.

    Document ‘The Future We Want’ (Document A/CONF.216/L.1.). Cf. the Chapter ‘Oceans and seas’.

  13. 13.

    Cf. point 53 of the document.

  14. 14.

    Cf. Arts 51, 61, 63, 64, 94, 118, 194, 242, 266, 273 and 278, UNCLOS.

  15. 15.

    Art. 237, UNCLOS.

  16. 16.

    For interesting general views, Cf. Tladi (2011), pp. 223–230; Ferri (2015).

  17. 17.

    Adopted in Rio de Janeiro on 20 May 1992. Cf. Arts 8 and 22(2) of the Convention.

  18. 18.

    The Convention entered into force on 25 March 1998.

  19. 19.

    Recommendation 2003/3 on a Network of Marine Protected Areas.

  20. 20.

    Cf., in general, Bailey (1996), pp. 544–579; Cochrane (2007), pp. 701–737; Tanaka (2008), pp. 161–206; Scott (2013), pp. 175–183.

  21. 21.

    Cf. the Document of the United Nations General Assembly A/61/65 of 20 March 2006.

  22. 22.

    Arts 62 (4) (c), 117 and 192, UNCLOS.

  23. 23.

    Resolution 72/249 of 24 December 2017 of the United Nations General Assembly on the international legally binding instrument under the UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Cf. also Resolution 69/292 of 6 July 2015.

  24. 24.

    For an overview of the general context of the negotiation, Cf. Tladi (2015), pp. 259–271.

  25. 25.

    For further developments regarding the different maritime spaces, Cf. Kalinoe (2005), pp. 100–113; Nunes (2011), pp. 259–283; Kirchner-Freis and Kirchner (2014), pp. 377–395.

  26. 26.

    Cf. Gómez (2002), Sydnes (2005), pp. 117–135; Losa (2009), pp. 159–183.

  27. 27.

    In this context, we should specially mention Part V (Exclusive Economic Zone) and Part VIII (High Seas) of the Convention. Under the provisions included in Part XII (Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment) and Part XIII (Marine Scientific Research), obligations of cooperation have also been established. Cf. Arts 239, 242 to 244, 246 to 249, 252 and 254, UNCLOS.

  28. 28.

    For a global view on control, Cf. Palma-Robles (2016), pp. 139–160.

  29. 29.

    For the evolution of such an action, Cf. Vicuña (2018), pp. 96–107.

  30. 30.

    Cf. Arts 56, 194, 286, 297 (3) and 300, UNCLOS.

  31. 31.

    Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v. Japan and Australia v. Japan, Provisional Measures). In this respect, Cf. Sohn and Noyes (2004), pp. 844–853.

  32. 32.

    Cf. Art. 89 (5) of the Rules of the Tribunal. In this regard, Cf. Churchill (2012), pp. 143–171, in particular pp. 151–153.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Commission, Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (1986–2018), Brussels, Belgium

    Fernando Correia Cardoso

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  1. Fernando Correia Cardoso
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Marta Chantal Ribeiro

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Fernando Loureiro Bastos

  3. Faculty of Law, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway

    Tore Henriksen

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Cardoso, F.C. (2020). Considerations on Some Global Institutional Challenges Within the Context of the Conservation and Management of Marine Living Resources. In: Ribeiro, M., Loureiro Bastos, F., Henriksen, T. (eds) Global Challenges and the Law of the Sea. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42671-2_6

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