Abstract
The emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), which will enable billions of devices to seamlessly connect with each other and to the Internet, aims to enhance the quality of daily life in diverse fields. Today, even though an abundance of IoT applications already exists, the growth of IoT is expected to accelerate in the foreseeable future. IoT applications are mainly divided into two categories: (1) consumer IoT and (2) industrial IoT (IIoT). The IIoT consists of interconnected sensors, machinery, and other “things” that are used in various fields of industrial applications. Throughout this chapter, the main focus is on wireless communication for IIoT applications and therefore the major challenges in designing a suitable wireless communication solution for IIoT applications are initially discussed. A comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless communication standards, which are suitable for IIoT applications, is presented and representative comparisons on some of the most common industrial wireless communication technologies including 5G, the next generation of the wireless technologies, are provided. Next, we focus on one of the most significant technologies for 5G systems, namely the ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), which is highly relevant for mission-critical IIoT applications. We list the challenges of URLLC and study the theoretical limits on the transmission of short packets. In these information theoretic works, latency is mostly computed as the total transmission time of a single packet. However, decoding a encoded packet is a computationally demanding operation and when we analyse complexity-constrained receivers, such as low complexity IIoT receivers, the time duration that is needed for decoding should also be taken into account in latency analysis. Finally, by including the decoding duration, we present the trade-offs in low-latency communication for receivers with computational complexity constraints.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The symbols, x i, that constitute the sequence x j, which is suitable for transmission through a given channel, are said to belong to the input alphabet of the channel.
- 2.
CER results for convolutional codes, LDPC codes, and polar codes are taken from [38].
References
Afaqui, M.S., Garcia-Villegas, E., Lopez-Aguilera, E.: IEEE 802.11ax: challenges and requirements for future high efficiency WiFi. IEEE Wireless Commun. 24(3), 130–137 (2017)
Akpakwu, G.A., Silva, B.J., Hancke, G.P., Abu-Mahfouz, A.M.: A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges. IEEE Access 6, 3619–3647 (2018)
Alohali, B.A., Vassilakis, B.A., Moscholios, I.D., Logothetis, M.D.: A secure scheme for group communication of wireless IoT devices. In: 11th International Symposium on Communication Systems. Networks & Digital Signal Processing, Budapest (2018) pp. 1–6
Anand, A., De Veciana G., Shakkottai, S.: Joint scheduling of URLLC and eMBB traffic in 5G wireless networks. In: IEEE INFOCOM - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Honolulu (2018), pp. 1970–1978
Apsel, A.: A simple guide to low-power wireless technologies: balancing the tradeoffs for the internet of things and medical applications. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Mag. 10(4), 16–23 (2018)
Arikan, E.: Channel polarization: a method for constructing capacity-achieving codes for symmetric binary-input memoryless channels. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 55, 3051–73 (2009)
Bennis, M., Debbah, M., Poor, H.V.: Ultrareliable and low-latency wireless communication: tail, risk, and scale. Proc. IEEE 106(10), 1834–1853 (2018)
Bose, R.C., Ray-Chaudhuri, D.K.: On a class of error correcting binary group codes. Inf. Control 3(3), 279–290 (1960)
Celebi, H.B., Pitarokoilis, A., Skoglund, M.: Training-assisted channel estimation for low-complexity squared-envelope receivers. In: IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Kalamata (2018)
Celebi, H.B., Pitarokoilis, A., Skoglund, M.: Low-latency communication with computational complexity constraints. In: International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (2019)
Chakrapani, A.: Efficient resource scheduling for eMTC/NB-IoT communications in LTE Rel. 13. In: IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN), Helsinki (2017)
Chang, K.: Interoperable nan standards: a path to cost-effective smart grid solutions. IEEE Wireless Commun. 20(3), 4–5 (2013)
Chen, B., Wan, J., Shu, L., Li, P., Mukherjee, M., Yin, B.: Smart factory of industry 4.0: key technologies, application case, and challenges. IEEE Access 6, 6505–6519 (2018)
Costa-Requena, J., Poutanen, A., Vural, S., Kamel, G., Clark, C, Roy, S.K.: SDN-based UPF for mobile backhaul network slicing. In: European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), Ljubljana, Slovenia (2018), pp. 48–53
Destounis, A., Paschos, G.S., Arnau, J., Kountouris, M.: Scheduling URLLC users with reliable latency guarantees. In: 16th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), Shanghai (2018), pp. 1–8
Domazetovic, B., Kocan, E., Mihovska, A.: Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11ah systems. In: 2016 24th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade (2016) pp. 1–4
Elias, P.: Coding for Noisy Channels. IRE Conv. Rec., Part 4 (1955), pp. 37–47
ETSI: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters; System Reference Document; Short Range Devices; Part 2: Technical characteristics for SRD equipment for wireless industrial applications using technologies different from Ultra-Wide Band (2011)
Fossorier, M.P.C., Lin, S.: Soft-decision decoding of linear block codes based on ordered statistics. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 41(5), 1379–1396 (1995)
Gallager, R.: Low-density parity-check codes. IRE Trans. Inf. Theory 8(1), 21–28 (1962)
Gaudio, L., Ninacs, T., Jerkovits, T., Liva, G.: On the performance of short tail-biting convolutional codes for ultra-reliable communications. In: 11th International ITG Conference on Systems, Communications and Coding, Hamburg (2017)
GSMA Intelligence: The Mobile Economy, GSMA Intelligence Report (2019). Available at https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/
Goldsmith, A.: Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)
Hassan, S.M., Ibrahim, R., Bingi, K., Chung, T.D., Saad, N.: Application of wireless technology for control: a wireless HART perspective. Proc. Comput. Sci. 105, 240–247 (2017)
Hocquenghem, A.: Codes correcteurs d’erreurs. Chiffres 2, 147–156 (1959)
Hui, J.W., Culler, D.E.: Extending IP to low-power, wireless personal area networks. IEEE Internet Comput. 12(4), 37–45 (2008)
IEEE 802.11ax: The sixth generation of Wi-Fi. Cisco Public Technical White Paper (2018)
IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications: in IEEE Std 802.11-2016, 14 Dec (2016)
IMT Vision-Framework and Overall Objectives of the Future Development of IMT for 2020 and Beyond, document Recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0 (2015). Available at https://www.itu.int/dmspubrec/itur/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
Jewel, M.K.H., Zakariyya, R.S., Famoriji, O.J., Ali, M.S., Lin, F.: A low complexity channel estimation technique for NB-IoT downlink system. In: IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS), Guangzhou (2019)
Kadambar, S., Reddy Chavva, A.K.: Low complexity ML synchronization for 3GPP NB-Io. In: International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM), Bangalore (2018)
Karimi, A., Pedersen, K.I., Mahmood, N.H., Steiner, J., Mogensen, P.: 5G centralized multi-cell scheduling for URLLC: algorithms and system-level performance. IEEE Access 6, 72253–72262 (2018)
Lekomtcev, D., Marsalek, R.: Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22 standards-physical layer and cognitive functionality. Elektrorevue 3(2), 12–18 (2012)
Leonardi, L., Patti, G., Lo Bello, L.: Multi-hop real-time communications over bluetooth low energy industrial wireless mesh networks. IEEE Access 6, 26505–26519 (2018)
Li, Z., Uusitalo, M.A., Shariatmadari, H., Singh, B.: 5G URLLC: design challenges and system concepts. In: 2018 15th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), Lisbon (2018), pp. 1–6
Lippuner, S., Weber, B., Salomon, M., Korb, M., Huang, Q.: EC-GSM-IoT network synchronization with support for large frequency offsets. In: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Barcelona (2018)
Liu, Y., Kashef, M., Lee, K.B., Benmohamed, L., Candell, R.: Wireless network design for emerging IIoT applications: reference framework and use cases. Proc. IEEE 107(6), 1166–1192 (2019)
Liva, G., Steiner, F.: pretty-good-codes.org: Online library of good channel codes. http://pretty-good-codes.org/
Liva, G., Gaudio, L., Ninacs, T.: Code design for short blocks: a survey. In: Proceedings of the EuCNC, Athens (2016)
Ma, L.: 5G Technologies, Standards and Commercialization. InterDgitial, Wilmington (2018)
MacKay, D.J.C., Neal, R.M.: Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes. Electron. Lett. 32(18), 1645–1646 (1996)
Mulligan, G., Bormann, C.: IPv6 over low power WPAN WG: IETF 73 (2008)
Page, J., Dricot, J.: Software-defined networking for low-latency 5G core network. In: International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS), Brussels (2016), pp. 1–7
Parvez, I., Rahmati, A., Guvenc, I., Sarwat A.I., Dai, H.: A survey on low latency towards 5G: RAN, core network and caching solutions. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials 20(4), 3098–3130 (2018)
Patti, G., Leonardi, L., Lo Bello, L.: A bluetooth low energy real-time protocol for industrial wireless mesh networks. In: IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Florence (2016), pp. 4627–4632
Petersen, S., Carlsen, S.: WirelessHART Versus ISA100.11a: the format war hits the factory floor. IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag. 5(4), 23–34 (2011)
Polyanskiy, Y., Poor, H.V., Verdu, S.: Channel coding rate in the finite blocklength regime. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 56(5), 2307–2359 (2010)
Powell, M.: Bluetooth market update. Bluetooth SIG, Inc. (2018). www.bluetooth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bluetooth$_$Market$_$Update$_$2018.pdf
Rappaport, T.S.: Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 1st edn. IEEE Press, Piscataway (2016)
Raza, M., Aslam, N., Le-Minh, H., Hussain, S., Cao, Y., Khan, N.M.: A critical analysis of research potential, challenges, and future directives in industrial wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials 20(1), 39–95 (2018)
Reed, S.R., Chen, X.: Error-Control Coding for Data Networks. Springer, Berlin (1999)
Ristiano, A.: ISA 100 Wireless: Architecture for Industrial Internet of Things. ETSI IEC 62734 (2014)
Sasaki, K., Makido, S., Nakao, A.: Vehicle control system for cooperative driving coordinated multi-layered edge servers. In: IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Networking (CloudNet), Tokyo (2018)
Schiessl, S., Al-Zubaidy, H., Skoglund M., Gross, J.: Delay performance of wireless communications with imperfect CSI and finite-length coding. IEEE Trans. Commun. 66(12), 6527–6541 (2018)
Shannon, C.E.: A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27(3), 379-423 (1948)
Shirvanimoghaddam, M., et al.: Short block-length codes for ultra-reliable low latency communications. IEEE Commun. Mag. 57(2), 130–137 (2019)
Siep, T.M., Gifford, I.C., Braley, R.C., Heile, R.F.: Paving the way for personal area network standards: an overview of the IEEE P802.15 working group for wireless personal area networks. IEEE Personal Commun. 7(1), 37–43 (2000)
Sisinni, E., Saifullah, A., Han, S., Jennehag, U., Gidlund, M.: Industrial internet of things: challenges, opportunities, and directions. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf. 14(11), 4724–4734 (2018)
Sun, S., Fei, Z., Cao, C., Wang, X., Jia, D.: Low complexity polar decoder for 5G Embb control channel. IEEE Access 7, 50710–50717 (2019)
Sutton, G.J., et al.: Enabling technologies for ultra-reliable and low latency communications: from PHY and MAC layer perspectives. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials 21(3), 2488–2524 (2019)
Van Wonterghem, J., Alloum, A., Boutros, J.J., Moeneclaey, M.: Performance comparison of short-length error-correcting codes. In: 2016 Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technologies (SCVT), Mons (2016), pp. 1–6
Viterbi, A.: Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 13(2), 260–269 (1967)
Voigtlander, F., Ramadan, A., Eichinger, J., Lenz, C., Pensky, D., Knoll, A.: 5G for robotics: ultra-low latency control of distributed robotic systems. In: International Symposium on Computer Science and Intelligent Controls (ISCSIC), Budapest (2017)
Yang, Y., et al.: Narrowband wireless access for low-power massive internet of things: a bandwidth perspective. IEEE Wireless Commun. 24(3), 138–145 (2017)
Zhang, L., Liang, Y., Xiao, M.: Spectrum sharing for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Wireless Commun. 26(3), 132–139 (2019)
Zheng, K., Hu, F., Wang, W., Xiang, W., Dohler, M.: Radio resource allocation in LTE-advanced cellular networks with M2M communications. IEEE Commun. Mag. 50(7), 184–192 (2012)
Acknowledgements
This work was funded in part by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) under grant agreement RIT15-0091.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Celebi, H.B., Pitarokoilis, A., Skoglund, M. (2020). Wireless Communication for the Industrial IoT. In: Butun, I. (eds) Industrial IoT . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42500-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42500-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42499-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42500-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)