Abstract
In this chapter I propose to concisely present the phenomenological conception that indicates a turning point in the way of understanding reality, the constitution and production of knowledge, and the possibilities of the occurrence of teaching and learning situations. Concentrating on a change of focus in the view, I also bring the way those who are committed to phenomenology, understand cyberspace and being-with-media. I believe that an introduction to phenomenological philosophy, however brief, may contribute to the understanding of a prospective reader who is not acquainted with it. I also understand that, by clarifying these issues, we are highlighting the emphasis given to the articulation of “phenomenology and the way of seeing and working in/on cyberspace being-with-media.”
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Notes
- 1.
Alfred Tarski (Warsaw, at the time the Russian Empire, nowadays Poland, on January 14, 1901—Berkeley, USA, October 26, 1983) was a Polish logician and mathematician. He immigrated to the USA in 1939 where he became a naturalized citizen in 1945. Tarski taught and carried out research in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1942 until his death. He described himself as a “mathematician (and also a logician, and, perhaps, in a way, a philosopher). Accessed October 13, 2019 at https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski.
- 2.
Wilhelm Dilthey (19 November 1833–1 October 1911) was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher, who held G. W. F. Hegel’s Chair in Philosophy at the University of Berlin. As a polymathic philosopher, working in a modern research university, Dilthey’s research interests revolved around questions of scientific methodology, historical evidence, and history’s status as a science. He could be considered an empiricist, in contrast to the idealism prevalent in Germany at the time, but his account of what constitutes the empirical and experiential differs from British empiricism and positivism in its central epistemological and ontological assumptions, which are drawn from German literary and philosophical traditions. Dilthey took some of his inspiration from the works of Friedrich Schleiermacher on hermeneutics. Accessed November, 6, 2019, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey.
- 3.
Edmund Husserl (1858–1938) was a mathematician who left an impressive production about the interrogation that he pursued throughout his life “what is the nature of the objectivity of mathematics.” The list of his publications, and the number of his class notes, are extensive. Husserl’s greatest works were made public during his life. However, it is important to note that many of such works were organized by his students and followers. According to the Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2004), there are approximately 45,000 pages of stenographic notes based on his lectures and the research he conducted.
- 4.
Life-world is a reality constructed in the historical and cultural moment that brings together present, past, and future. It is not a vessel in which we are placed or in which we drop knowledge, theories, etc., as if these were objects in their own empiricism. Rather, these are the spatiality and the temporality in whose dimensions we live with others, whether human or not, whose reality we in turn weave using articulated comprehensions, subjectively, and intersubjectively, which are materialized in available forms and contents. What is intersubjectively understood and kept, via repetition of successful actions, gradually forms itself, through the intertwining of senses and meanings into objectualities. Objectualities are objectivities built on the shift of subjectivity-intersubjectivity and, therefore, do not concern objectivity separately from this shift (Bicudo, 2018, p. 255).
- 5.
Logic specific term. Part of the discipline which studies the fundamental law of thought, known as the four principles: identity, contradiction, excluded middle and sufficient reason.
- 6.
“Also” because the experiences are all immanent to the stream of consciousness; however, they can be immanently directed when intentionality is geared towards other experiences or in a transcendent manner, when they aim at external objects in their surroundings.
- 7.
Husserl calls this relationship noesis and noema (Ales Bello, 2012, p. 122, author’s translation).
- 8.
Perception is an act taken in its immediacy without intermediates explanations. It is taken in the very moment when it occurs when the essence of what is seen is clearly perceived as being true. Thus, it is understood as primacy of knowledge. What is clearly seen slips in the stream of consciousness and becomes obscure. Therefore, it demands acts of consciousness in order to proceed the constitution of knowledge.
- 9.
The living-experiences (Erlebnisse) speak, at first glance, about the life that flows, as it is lived. We live experienced acts being in motion for the duration of their temporality. At each moment we live the present moment of the act taking place. Psychical acts, such as perceiving, imagining, fantasizing, remembering, reflecting, which are inherent to human beings, even if they occur uniquely in each individual. Living-experiences flow, slips from now to what has been, making room for other living-experiences. We know we are living, but only by an act of consciousness do we realize what we are experiencing. This act is to perceive the experience as being lived and Husserl calls it “Erlebniss”.
- 10.
Further explanations regarding the living-body can be found in the chapter entitled “Constituting mathematical knowledge being-with-media in cyberspace” of this book.
- 11.
Intropathy is knowledge of the other that occurs directly in the experiences in which the other is given (brought, exposed) to the self in its corporeality. It is a constituent perception of intersubjectivity. It is not, therefore, a theoretical concept or a predicatively constructed statement.
- 12.
We could also say: embodied presence.
- 13.
The term “co-subjects” refers to those who are with each other. In the research that supports this text (Barbariz, 2017) refers to the subjects who are with the researcher at the time of the research.
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Bicudo, M.A.V. (2020). The View of the World and of Knowledge Made Explicit by Phenomenology: A Turning Point in the Way of Understanding Reality. In: Viggiani Bicudo, M. (eds) Constitution and Production of Mathematics in the Cyberspace. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42242-4_2
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