Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnosis of Abuse and Addiction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Alcohol and Tobacco

Abstract

Psychiatric symptoms are caused by significantly different biological, psychological and social dimensions, and the multidimensional approach is accepted everywhere. Since 150 years, France, then “Weltenbund” and nowadays the World Health Organization, defines international classificatory systems for psychiatric disorders. The tenth revision (ICD-10) has become important for a better comparison of the frequency of disturbances between countries and cultures. It is also used for payoff for the National Insurances. It does not correspond to long-term courses and does not give enough information for the necessary therapies. Therefore, the eleventh revision has been undertaken. These facts have been delineated already in the German version introduction by the authors Dilling, Mombour and Schmidt: “ICD-10 is only a descriptive diagnostic procedure and it relates to only one part, though to an important one, for the nosological understanding. Important aspects of psychopathology, of psychodynamics and of psychophysiology should be regarded. Especially the individual and personal biographic developmental facts should not be neglected” (The ICD 10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: psychiatric adaption. Geneva: WHO, 1993). Also personal future perspectives play an important role.

ICD-11 focuses, besides on the severity degree, also on the long-term course. This represents a major improvement. DSM-5 converged to ICD-11 because it newly included craving as a central symptom. DSM-5 defined three severity degrees. Moderate and severe in ICD-11 correspond to the term dependence. Therapy research according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 showed very divergent results. Therefore, as we know from research and clinical work, it is necessary to define subgroups of dependent patients for more sufficient therapy (Humphreys and Lingford-Hughes. Edwards’ treatment of drinking problems: a guide for the helping professions, 6th edition. Cambridge Press. 2016; UNODC and WHO. International standards for the treatment of drug use disorders — draft for field testing. 2016, see Chap. 6).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition DSM-5TM. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anthenelli R. Smoking cessation in smokers motivated to quit. Presented at: American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions: March 7–10, 2004; New Orleans, LA. 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batra A. Tabakabhängigkeit. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und Behandlung. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag; 2005. p. 164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L, Jacob P III. Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988;44:23–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berner P, Lesch OM, Walter H. Alcohol and depression. Psychopathology. 1986;19(2):177–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler M. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. 15th ed: Springer Verlag; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill K, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (review). Cochrane Libr. 2007;1:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmavological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network metaanalysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD009329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill K, Ussher M. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists (rimonabant) for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007, 2007;(3):CD005353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caputo F, Addolorato G, Lorenzini F, Domenicali M, Greco G, del Re A, Gasbarrini G, Stefanini GF, Bernardi M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid versus naltrexone in maintaining alcohol abstinence: an open randomized comparative study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;70:85–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo F, Addolorato G, Stoppo M, Francini S, Vignoli T, Lorenzini F, Del Re A, Comaschi C, Andreone P, Trevisani F, et al. Comparing and combining gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and naltrexone in maintaining abstinence from alcohol: an open randomised comparative study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17:781–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coe JW, Brooks PR, Vetelino MG, Wirtz MC, Arnold EP, Huang J, Sands SB, Davis TI, Lebel LA, Fox CB, Shrikhande A, Heym JH, Schaeffer E, Rollema H, Lu Y, Mansbach RS, Chambers LK, Rovetti CC, Schulz DW, Tingley FD 3rd, O’Neill BT. Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation. J Med Chem. 2005;48(10):3474–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen C, Perrault G, Voltz C, Steinberg R, Soubrie P. SR141716, a central cannabinoid (CB(1)) receptor antagonist, blocks the motivational and dopamine-releasing effects of nicotine in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 2002;13:451–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Després JP, Golay A, Sjöström L. Effects of Rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with Dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2121–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Bello M, Gambassi F, Mugnai L, Masini E, Mannaioni P. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induced suppression and prevention of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and relief of craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcologia. 1995;7:111–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH. Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. Verlag Hans Huber Bern Göttingen Toronto (WHO); 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NB, Simmons RC, Rosenthal TL, Hoon PW, Downs JM. Doxepin in the treatment of nicotine withdrawal. Psychom Theory. 1988;29:203–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferry LH. Non-nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Prim Care. 1999;26:653–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerlein W. Alkoholismus – Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit, Entstehung – Folgen – Therapie. 1st ed: Thieme; 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerlein W. Wenn Alkohol zum Problem wird. TRIAS, Thieme Hippokrates Enke; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiore M, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, Dorfman SF, Goldstein MG, Gritz ER, Heyman RB, Jaen CR, Kottke TE, Lando HA, Mecklenberg RE, Mullen PD, Nett LM, Robinson L, Stizer ML, Tommasello AC, Villejo L, Wewers ME. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallimberti L, Ferri M, Ferrara SD, Fadda F, Gessa GL. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a double-blind study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16:673–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales DH, Rennard SI, Billing CB, Reeves KR. A pooled analysis of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist versus bupropion for smoking cessation. Presented at Society for Research on Nicotine and Toobacco, February 2006; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall SM, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Sees KL, Humfleet G, Hartz DT, Frederick S, Triffleman E. Nortriptyline and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:683–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanewinkel R, Burow F, Ferstl R. Verhaltenstherapeutische Primär- und Sekundärprävention des Rauchens am Beispiel einer Interventionsstudie an Schulen. In: Reinecker S, Schmelzer D, editors. Verhaltenstherapie, Selbstregulation, Selbstmanagement. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1996. p. 417–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Buchhalter AR, Stitzer ML. Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:281–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Gopalan L. Non-nicotine medications for smoking cessation. J Respir Dis. 1998;19:33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester RK, Miller WR. Handbook of alcoholism and treatment approaches. Effective alternatives. 3rd ed: Allyn & Bacon; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes J, Stead L, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;4:CD000031.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JR. New treatments for smoking cessation. CA Cancer J Clin. 2000;50:143–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys K, Lingford-Hughes A. Edwards treatment of drinking problems: a guide for the helping professions. 6th ed: Cambridge Press; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huss M. Chronische Alcoholkrankheit. Verlag CE Fritze, Stockholm, Leipzig; 1852.

    Google Scholar 

  • J Clin Psychiatry Monograph 18/1 “Treatment of Tobacco Dependence”; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson B. Addiction medicine: science and practice, band 1: Springer; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson B.: Handbook of clinical alcoholism treatment, create space independent publishing platform, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, Smith SS, Muramoto ML, Daughton DM, Doan K, Fiore MC, Baker TB. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:685–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kienast T, Lindenmeyer J, Löb M, Löber S, Heinz A. Alkoholabhängigkeit. Ein Leitfaden zur Gruppentherapie. In: der Serie Batra A, Buchkremer G, editors. Störungsspezifische Psychotherapie: Kohlhammer Verlag; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klesges RC, Meyers AW, Klesges LM, La Vasque ME. Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behaviour: a comprehensive review of the literature. Psychol Bull. 1989;106:204–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klesges RC, Winders SE, Meyers AW, Eck LH, Ward KD, Hultquist CM, Ray JW, Shadish WR. How much weight gain occurs following smoking cessation? A comparison of weight gain using both continuous and point prevalence abstinence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:286–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koob GF, Le Moal M. Neurobiology of addiction. 1st ed: Academic Press – Elsevier; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lago L, Bruno R, Degenhardt L. Concordance of ICD 11 and DSM 5 definitions of alcohol and cannabis use disorders: a population survey in: Lancet Psychiatry Vol. 3, Issue 7, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Foll B, Melihan-Cheinin P, Rostoker G, Lagrue G, Working Group of AFSSAPS. Smoking cessation guidelines: evidence-based recommendations of the French health products safety agency. Eur Psychiatry. 2005;20(5–6):431–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz G, Küfferle B. Klinische Psychiatrie. Grundlagen, Krankheitslehre und spzifische Therapiestrategien. 2nd ed: Facultas Verlag; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerman C, Niaura R, Collins BN, Wileyto P, Audrain-McGovern J, Pinto A, Hawk L, Epstein LH. Effect of bupropion on depression symptoms in a smoking cessation clinical trial. Psychol Addict Behav. 2004;18:362–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch OM. Chronischer Alkoholismus – Typen und ihr Verlauf – eine Langzeitstudie. Thieme Copythek, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York, 235 Seiten, 116 Tabellen; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch OM. Raucherentwöhnung – Tipps zur Prävention und Therapie in der Praxis: Uni-Med Verlag; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch OM, Dvorak A, Hertling I, Klingler A, Kunze M, Ramskogler K, Saletu-Zylharz G, Schoberberger R, Walter H. The Austrian Multicentre Study on smoking: subgroups of nicotine dependence and their craving. Neuropsychobiology. 2004;50:78–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch OM, Platz W, Soyka M, Walter H. Die medikamentöse Therapie von Missbrauch und Abhängigkeiten (Tabak, Alkohol und illegale Drogen). In: Neuropsychopharmaka. Riederer/Laux, in press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch OM und Soyka M. Typologien der Alkoholabhängigkeit und ihre Bedeutung für die medikamentöse Therapie – in Riederer/Laux Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd. 6, 2. Aufl., Springer Verlag; 2005:332–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCord W, McCord J, Gudeman J. Origins of alcoholism: Stanford University Press; 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Möller HJ. Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen: Ferdinand Enke Verlag; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JK, Edwards NB, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Effects of doxepin on withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1353–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) and Bupropion for smoking cessation. London, England: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Reference No. N0082; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nava F, Premi S, Manzato E, Lucchini A. Comparing treatments of alcoholism on craving and biochemical measures of alcohol consumptions. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006;38:211–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M, Rennard S, Watsky E, Billing CB, Anziano R, Reeves K. Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, Varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1571–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Heshmati HM, Devin J, Rosenstock J, RIO-North America Study Group. Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients: RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(7):761–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska J, DiClemente C. Stages of change in modification of problem behaviors. In: Hersen M, Eisler R, Miller P, editors. Progress in behavior modification. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1992. p. 84–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prochazka AV, Weaver MJ, Keller RT, Fryer GE, Licari PA, Lofaso D. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2035–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers CR. Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rommelspacher H, Schuckit M. Drugs of abuse: Elsevier; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders JB. Substance use and addictive disorders in DSM 5 and ICD 10 and the draft ICD 11. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(4):227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharf D, Shiffman S. Arethere gender differences in smoking cessation, with and withouzt bupropion? Pooled and meta-analyses of clinical trials of Bupropion SR. Addiction. 2004;99:1462–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoberberger R. Expanding access to cessation treatment as an important tobacco control measure. In: Varma AK, editor. Tobacco counters health 4. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre; 2006a. p. 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoberberger R. In-patient smoking cessation treatment. Psychol Health. 2006b;21(1):133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoberberger R, Bayer P, Groman E, Kunze M. New strategies in smoking cessation: Experienceswith inpatient smoking treatment in Austria. In: Varma AK, editor. Tobacco counters health 2. New Delhi: Macmillan; 2002. p. 177–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman S, Gnys M, Richards TJ, Paty JA, Hickcox M, Kassel JD. Temptations to smoke after quitting: a comparison of lapsers and maintainers. Health Psychol. 1996;15:455–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman S, Sembower MA. Dependence on e-cigarettes in a cross-sectional study of US adults- Addiction. 2020. https://doi.org/10,1111/add.15060. Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soyka M, Koller G, Schmidt P, Lesch OM, Leweke M, Fehr C, Gann H, Mann K. The cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist SR 141716 (Rimonabant) for treatment of alcohol dependence – results from a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(3):317–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney CT, Fant RV, Fagerström KO, McGovern JF, Henningfield JE. Combination nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: rationale, efficacy and tolerability. CNS Drugs. 2001;15:453–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonnesen P, Paoletti P, Gustavsson G, Russell MA, Saracci R, Gulsvik A, Rijcken B, Sawe U. Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. Collaborative European anti-smoking evaluation. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:238–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonstad S, Tonnesen P, Hajek P, Williams KE, Billing CB, Reeves KR. Effect of maintenance therapy with Varenicline on smoking cessation – a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296(1):64–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uexküll TV. In: Adler RH, Hermman JM, Köhle K, Schonecke OW, Uexküll T, Wesiack W, editors. Psychosomatische Medizin. 5th ed: Urban und Schwarzenberg Verlag; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNODC and WHO. International Standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders — Draft for Field Testing; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health and Human Services. Management of Nicotine Addiction. Reducing tobacco use: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Brink W, Sørensen P, Torup L, Mann K, Gual A, Group SS. Long-term efficacy, tolerability and safety of nalmefene as-needed in patients with alcohol dependence: a 1-year, randomised controlled study. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf). 2014;28:733–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widiger TA, Frances AJ, Picus HA, First MB, Ross R, Davis W. DSM-IV sourcebook, vol. 1: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams KE, Reeves KR, Billing CB Jr, Pennington AM, Gong J. A double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(4):793–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. The ICD 10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: psychiatric adaption. Geneva: WHO; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Policy recommendations for smoking cessation and treatment of tobacco dependence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (ICD-11 MMS); 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zierler-Brown S, Kyle JA. Oral Varenicline for smoking cessation. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:95–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vienna, Austria

    Otto-Michael Lesch & Henriette Walter

  2. Caritas der Erzdiözese Wien, Vienna, Austria

    Christian Wetschka

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

    Michie N. Hesselbrock & Victor Hesselbrock

  4. Neuroscience Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal

    Samuel Pombo

Authors
  1. Otto-Michael Lesch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Henriette Walter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christian Wetschka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michie N. Hesselbrock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Victor Hesselbrock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Samuel Pombo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Otto-Michael Lesch .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lesch, OM., Walter, H., Wetschka, C., Hesselbrock, M.N., Hesselbrock, V., Pombo, S. (2020). Diagnosis of Abuse and Addiction. In: Alcohol and Tobacco. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41941-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41941-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41940-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41941-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation