A Global Imaginaire: Fighting Alcohol Around the World

Kamenov, Nikolay

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41644-7_2

A Global Imaginaire: Fighting Alcohol Around the World

Nikolay Kamenov²

Chapter
First Online: 25 June 2020

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Abstract

The chapter opens with a succinct review of the history of institutions crucial for the dissemination of temperance ideas and organizational forms around the world. It then turns to some of the foundational aspects of temperance movements. The question of labor and class, for example, points to the historical disaggregation of work and drink practices as an effect of temperance campaigning. The chapter also pays attention to the core aspects of temperance in colonial settings, that is, power dynamics and fiscal considerations. Women’s right to vote appears as another formative issue in the global history of temperance in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finally, the chapter turns to the creation of a global imaginaire—temperance activists around the world were part of a community that spanned the globe and was at the forefront of an epic battle against alcohol.

Целият свят е мое отечество и цялото човечество е от мои братя.

The whole world is my homeland and the whole of humanity are my brothers.

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Notes

1.
Pliley, Jessica R.; Kramm, Robert; Fischer-Tiné, Harald (Eds.) (2016): Global anti-vice activism, 1890–1950. Fighting drinks, drugs, and “immorality”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Große, Judith; Spöring, Francesco; Tschurenev, Jana (Eds.) (2014): Biopolitik und Sittlichkeitsreform. Kampagnen gegen Alkohol, Drogen und Prostitution 1880–1950. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
2.
Mintz, Sidney (1985): Sweetness and power. The place of sugar in modern history. New York: Penguin; Smith, Frederick (2005): Caribbean rum. A social and economic history. Gainesville: University Press of Florida; Courtwright, David T. (2001): Forces of habit. Drugs and the making of the modern world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press., pp. 9–30; McCusker, Johm (1989): Rum and the American Revolution. The rum trade and the balance of payments of the thirteen continental colonies. 2 volumes. New York: Garland Publishing.
3.
See, for example, van den Bersselaar, Dmitri (2007): The king of drinks. Schnapps gin from modernity to tradition. Leiden: Brill; Schröder, Norbert (1990): Hamburgs Schnapsfabrikanten und der deutsche Kolonialismus in Westafrika. In Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte 76, pp. 83–116.
4.
Harrison, Brian (1971): Drink and the Victorians. The Temperance Question in England, 1815–1872. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 40–1.
5.
Clark, Christopher; Ledger-Lomas, Michael (2012): The Protestant International. In Abigail Green, Vincent Viaene (Eds.): Religious internationals in the modern world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 23–52.
6.
Nicholls, James (2011): The politics of alcohol. A history of the drink question in England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 51–8; Mandelbaum, David G. (1965): Alcohol and culture. In Current Anthropology 6 (3), pp. 281–293; Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, p. 101.
7.
Levine, Harry Gene (1978): The discovery of addiction. Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America. In Journal of studies on alcohol 39 (1), p. 143.
8.
Rimke, Heidi; Hunt, Alan (2002): From sinners to degenerates: The medicalization of morality in the 19th century. In History of the human sciences 15 (1), pp. 59–88; May, Carl (1997): Habitual drunkards and the invention of alcoholism: Susceptibility and culpability in nineteenth century medicine. In Addiction Research 5 (2), pp. 169–187; Cf. Levine, Discovery.
9.
Kamenov, Nikolay (2014): Globale Ursprünge und lokale Zielsetzungen. Die Anti-Alkoholbewegung in Bulgarien 1890–1940. In Steffi Marung, Katja Naumann (Eds.): Vergessene Vielfalt. Territorialitat und Internationalisierung in Ostmitteleuropa seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Transnationale Geschichte, 2), p. 195.
10.
Nicholls, Politics of Alcohol, p. 97.
11.
Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, p. 101.
12.
See, for example, Harland-Jacobs, Jessica L. (2007): Builders of empire. Freemasons and British imperialism, 1717–1927. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; Downing, Arthur (2012): The friendly planet: ‘Oddfellows’, networks, and the ‘British World’ c. 1840–1914. In Journal of Global History 7 (3), pp. 389–414.
13.
Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, pp. 101–2.
14.
Ibid., pp. 179–95, particularly 188.
15.
See, for example, Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003): Alcohol and temperance in modern history. An international encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 225–7; Kamenov, Globale, p. 195.
16.
Nicholls, Politics of Alcohol, p. 101.
17.
Tyrrell, Ian R. (2010): Reforming the world. The creation of America’s moral empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
18.
Tyrrell, Ian R. (1991): Woman’s world. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in international perspective, 1880–1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; Tyrrell, Ian R. (1991): Women and Temperance in International Perspective. The World’s WCTU, 1880s–1920s. In Susanna Barrows, Robin Room (Eds.): Drinking. Behavior and belief in modern history. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 217–240.
19.
Welskopp, Thomas (2010): Amerikas große Ernüchterung. Eine Kulturgeschichte der Prohibition. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, pp. 19–22.
20.
Tyrrell, Ian (1994): Prohibition, American cultural expansion, and the new hegemony in the 1920s: an interpretation. In Histoire Social/Social History 27, p. 413.
21.
Blcoker et al., Alcohol and temperance, p. 268; see also Kamenov, Globale, pp. 196–7.
22.
For a similar globalizing of associational structures through the channels of empire, see Bueltmann, Tanja; MacRaild, Donald M. (2012): Globalizing St George: English associations in the Anglo-world to the 1930s. In Journal of Global History 7 (1), pp. 79–105.
23.
Tyrrell, Ian (1983): International Aspects of the Woman’s Temperance Movement in Australia: The Influence of the American WCTU, 1882–1914. In Journal of Religious History 12 (3), p. 284.
24.
Moore, Brian L.; Johnson, Michele A. (2008): “Drunk and Disorderly”. Alcoholism and the Search for “Morality” in Jamaica, 1865–1920. In The Journal of Caribbean History 42 (2), pp. 155–186; Mills, Wallace G. (1980): The roots of African nationalism in the Cape Colony: Temperance, 1866–1898. In The International Journal of African Historical Studies 13 (2), pp. 197–213. More on the specific IOTT lodges in South Africa will follow below.
25.
Colvard, Robert Eric (2013): A world without drink. Temperance in modern India, 1880–1940. Dissertation. University of Iowa, pp. 98–99.
26.
For a detailed account on Forel, see Tanner, Jakob (2006): Auguste Forel als Ikone der Wissenschaft. Ein Plädoyer für historische Foschung. In Anton Leist (Ed.): Auguste Forel—Eugenik und Erinnerungskultur. Zürich: Vdf, Hochsch.-Verl. an der ETH, pp. 81–106.
27.
Spöring, Francesco (2017): Mission und Sozialhygiene. Schweizer Anti-Alkohol-Aktivismus im Kontext von Internationalismus und Kolonialismus, 1886–1939. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, pp. 94–100.
28.
Cherrington , Ernest H. (1925–1930): Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem. Westerville, Ohio: American Issue Publishing Company, pp. 1330–1.
29.
Spöring, Mission, pp. 107–15.
30.
Schrad, Mark Lawrence (2010): The political power of bad ideas. Networks, institutions, and the global prohibition wave. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 58. On ‘Global Prohibition Regimes’ see also Nadelmann, Ethan A. (1990): Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society. In International Organization 44 (4), pp. 479–526.
31.
Fahey, David M. (2006): Temperance Internationalism: Guy Hayler and the World Prohibition Federation. In The social history of alcohol and drugs 21 (2), p. 261 has observed that on ‘the European continent, most drink reformers were professors and physicians’ but has not explained discursive and paradigmatic shifts in the way alcohol was fought. See also Edman, Johan (2015): Temperance and modernity: Alcohol consumption as a collective problem, 1885–1913. In Journal of social history 49 (1), pp. 20–52.
32.
Spöring, Mission, p. 24.
33.
Central State Archives Sofia (from now on CSA), 1027 K, au 7, p. 33.
34.
For the almost immediate realization of the failure of the Prohibition and the Volstead Act, see, for example, Welskopp, Amerikas Ernüchterung, pp. 123–215 and pp. 477–589; also on prohibition see Tracy, Sarah W. (2005): Alcoholism in America. From Reconstruction to Prohibition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
35.
See also the case of Gujarat—Hardiman, David (1984): Adivasi assertion in South Gujarat. The Devi Movement of 1922–3. In Ranajit Guha (Ed.): Subaltern Studies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press (3), pp. 197–230 and particularly pp. 221–3. Although the Dewan of Boroda could claim by 1923 that prohibition in the United States had failed, prohibition became a leitmotif for some of the later nationalist campaigns.
36.
Zandberg, Adrian (2014): “Im Vorbereitung der neuen Welt”. Polnische Prohibitionisten, die frühe Internationale Temperenzbewegung und Prozesse des Transfers. In Steffi Marung, Katja Naumann (Eds.): Vergessene Vielfalt. Territorialitat und Internationalisierung in Ostmitteleuropa seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 221–239.
37.
Union Signal, 56:7, p. 1.
38.
Forel , Auguste (1906): Der Guttempler-Orden Independent Order of Good Templars, neutral, ein sozialer Reformator. Zürich, Schaffhausen: Joos-Bäschlin.
39.
Kamenov, Globale, pp. 208–10.
40.
CSA 1272 K, au 67, p. 4 [with corrections made per hand]; also CSA 1272 K, au 68.
41.
CSA 1027 K, au 20, p. 108.
42.
Eisenbach-Stangl, Irmgard (2004): From Temperance Movements to State Action. An Historical View of the Alcohol Question in Industrialised Countries. In Richard Müller, Harald Klingemann (Eds.): From Science to Action? 100 Years Later – Alcohol Policies Revisited. Dordrecht: Springer Science, p. 61
43.
Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, p. 101.
44.
Barrows, Susanna; Room, Robin (1991): Introduction. In Susanna Barrows, Robin Room (Eds.): Drinking. Behavior and belief in modern history. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 7.
45.
Ibid.; See also Mandelbaum, Alcohol and culture.
46.
See for example Willis, Justin (2002): Potent brews. A social history of alcohol in East Africa, 1850–1999. Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 1–20.
47.
Transchel, Kate (2006): Under the influence. Working-class drinking, temperance, and cultural revolution in Russia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press., pp. 12–38.
48.
Ambler, Charles H. (1992): Alcohol and control of labor on the Copperbelt. In Jonathan Crush, Charles H. Ambler (Eds.): Liquor and labor in Southern Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 339–366.
49.
Ibid., p. 342.
50.
For a classical study see Thompson, E. P. (1967): Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism. In Past & Present (38), pp. 56–97; also Gusfield, Joseph (1991): Benevolent Repression. Popular culture, social structure, and the control of drinking. In Susanna Barrows, Robin Room (Eds.): Drinking. Behavior and belief in modern history. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 399–424, particularly on the rationalization of leisure, pp. 403–8.
51.
Roberts, James S. (1979): Drink, Temperance and the Working Class in 19th Century Germany. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
52.
Hübner, Manfred (1988): Zwischen Alkohol und Abstinenz. Trinksitten und Alkoholfrage im deutschen Proletariat bis 1914. Berlin: Dietz, p. 66.
53.
Mills, Wallace (1985): Cape smoke: alcohol issues in the Cape Colony in the nineteenth century. In Contemporary Drug Problems 12, p. 225.
54.
Varma, Nitin (2009): For the Drink of the Nation. Drink, Labour and Plantation Capitalism in the Colonial Tea Gardens of Assam in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century. In Marcel van der Linden, Prabhu P. Mohapatra, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (Eds.): Labour matters. Towards global histories: studies in honour of Sabyasachi Bhattacharya. New Delhi, India: Tulika Books, pp. 295–318. Cf. Varma, Nitin (2017): Coolies of capitalism. Assam tea and the making of coolie labour. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 127–148.
55.
Roberts, James S. (1981): Drink and industrial work discipline in 19th century Germany. In Journal of social history 15 (1), p. 25.
56.
Ibid., 28.
57.
Harrison, Drink and the Victorians.
58.
Moodie, Dunbar (1992): Alcohol and Resistance on the South African Gold Mines, 1903–1962. In Jonathan Crush, Charles H. Ambler (Eds.): Liquor and labor in Southern Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 164–165.
59.
Ibid., pp. 162–86.
60.
Ambler, Alcohol and control, p. 348.
61.
Klubock, Thomas Miller (1996): Working-class masculinity, middle-class morality, and labor politics in the Chilean copper mines. In Journal of social history, pp. 448–449.
62.
Akyeampong, Emmanuel (1996): What’s in a drink? Class struggle, popular culture and the politics of akpeteshie (local gin) in Ghana, 1930–67. In The Journal of African History 37 (2), p. 219. See also Akyeampong, Emmanuel (1993): Drink, Power, and Cultural Change. Social history of alcohol in Ghana, c. 1800 to recent times. Oxford: James Currey.
63.
Ibid., p. 232.
64.
Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, p. 50.
65.
Nicholls, Politics of Alcohol, p. 101.
66.
Malins, Joseph (1890): The World’s Temperance Reciter. Consisting of Original and Other Temperance Poetical Pieces from All Parts of the World. London: National Temperance Publication House, p. 81.
67.
Sulkunen, Irma (1985): Temperance as a civic religion: the cultural foundation of the Finnish working-class temperance ideology. In Contemporary Drug Problems 12, p. 267.
68.
Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, pp. 127–46.
69.
Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848 [translated 1888]): Manifesto of the Communist Party. Socialist and Communist Literature. Available online https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch03.htm
70.
Engels, Friedrich (1839 [1976]): Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels – Werke. Berlin: Dietz, pp. 413–32.
71.
William Bolitho (1929): Twelve Against the Gods: The Story of Adventure. New York: The Press of the Readers Club, p. 181.
72.
Tanner, Jakob (1986): Die “Alkoholfrage” in der Schweiz im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. In Drogalkohol 3, pp. 152–3; see also Ambler, Alcohol and control, p. 349.
73.
Roberts, Alcohol; For late tsarist and early Soviet Russia see Snow, George E. (1991): Socialism, Alcoholism, and the Russian Working Classes before 1917. In Susanna Barrows, Robin Room (Eds.): Drinking. Behavior and belief in modern history. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 243–264.
74.
Tyrell, Woman’s world, pp. 221–41.
75.
Fletcher, Holly Berkley (2008): Gender and the American temperance movement of the nineteenth century. London: Routledge, p. 9.
76.
Ibid., pp. 7–29; for the appropriation of this model of masculinity and respectability by the ‘Railroad Brothers’ see Taillon, Paul Michel (2002): “What We Want Is Good, Sober Men:” Masculinity, Respectability, and Temperance in the Railroad Brotherhoods, c. 1870–1910. In Journal of social history 36 (2), pp. 319–338.
77.
Martin, Scott C. (2008): Devil of the domestic sphere. Temperance, gender, and middle-class ideology, 1800–1860. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, pp. 15–38.
78.
Ibid., p. 39.
79.
Murdock, Catherine Gilbert (1998): Domesticating drink. Women, men, and alcohol in America, 1870–1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3–4; see also Mattingly, Carol (1998): Well-tempered women. Nineteenth-century temperance rhetoric. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, p. 13.
80.
Mattingly, Well-tempered, p. 14.
81.
Valverde, Mariana (2000): “Racial Poison”: drink, male vice, and degeneration in first-wave feminism. In Ian Christopher Fletcher, Philippa Levine, Laura E. Nym Mayhall (Eds.): Women’s suffrage in the British Empire. Citizenship, nation and race. London: Routledge, p. 33.
82.
Mattingly, Well-tempered, p. 15.
83.
Ibid., pp. 16–22; See also Tyrell, Woman’s world, pp. 221–3.
84.
Fletcher, Gender, p. 13.
85.
Mattingly, Well-tempered; for the antebellum Washingtonian temperance movement see also Alexander, Ruth M. (1988): “We Are Engaged as a Band of Sisters”: Class and Domesticity in the Washingtonian Temperance Movement, 1840–1850. In The Journal of American History 75 (3), pp. 763–785, particularly p. 767.
86.
Expediency and justice have been introduced as the two major types of suffragist argument in Aileen Katidor (1965): The ideas of the woman suffrage movement, 1890–1920. New York: Columbia University Press. The ensuing debate has been similarly applied to temperance and its expedience for the suffrage movement, see Tyrell, Woman’s world, pp. 221–3.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Herlihy, Patricia (2002): The alcoholic empire. Vodka and politics in late Imperial Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 90–110.
89.
Martin, Devil, p. 3.
90.
Clemens, Elisabeth S. (1993): Organizational repertoires and institutional change. Women’s groups and the transformation of US politics, 1890–1920. In American journal of Sociology 98 (4), p. 760.
91.
Tyrrell, Reforming, pp. 74–6; see also Tyrell, Woman’s world; Tyrell, Women.
92.
Ibid., p. 76.
93.
Ibid.; see also Tyrell, Women.
94.
Here it should be emphasized that WCTU’s struggle for equality was often limited to issues of gender. WCTU record on race was—to say the least—contradictory. See Putman, John (2004): Racism and Temperance: The Politics of Class and Gender in Late 19th-Century Seattle. In The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 95 (2), pp. 70–81; Fahey, David (1996): Temperance and Racism. John Bull, Johnny Reb, and the Good Templars. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, p. 139; for recurring connections on a personal level between WCTU and the Women’s Ku Klux Klan see Blee, Kathleen (1991): Women of the Klan. Racism and Gender in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press; Tschurenev, Jana; Spöring, Francesco; Große, Judith (2014): Einleitung. Sittlichkeitsreform, Biopolitik und Globalisierung. In Große, Spöring, Tschurenev (Eds.): Biopolitik, p. 27.
95.
Bunkle, Phillida (1980): The Origins of the Women’s Movement in New Zealand. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1885–1895. In Phillida Bunkle, Beryl Hughes (Eds.): Women in New Zealand society. Auckland: Allen & Unwin, p. 53.
96.
Hyslop, Anthea (1976): Temperance, christianity and feminism: The woman’s Christian temperance union of Victoria, 1887–97. In Historical studies 17 (66), p. 27.
97.
Mitchinson, Wendy (1979): The WCTU: ‘For God, Home and Native Land’. A Study in Nineteenth-Century Feminism. In Linda Kealey (Ed.): A not unreasonable claim. Women and reform in Canada, 1880s–1920s. Toronto: Women’s Press, pp. 158–161.
98.
Yasutake, Rumi (2006): Men, women, and temperance in Meiji Japan: Engendering WCTU activism from a transnational perspective. In Japanese Journal of American Studies 17, p. 92.
99.
Ibid., pp. 107–8.
100.
Patessio, Mara (2006): The Creation of Public Spaces by Women in the Early Meiji Period and the Tōkyō Fujin Kyōfūkai. In International Journal of Asian Studies 3 (2), pp. 155–182.
101.
For some general accounts see Tyrrell, Ian R. (2008): The regulation of alcohol and other drugs in a colonial context. United States policy towards the Philippines, c. 1898–1910. In Contemporary Drug Problems 35 (4), pp. 539–571; Courtwright, Forces; on imperial moral regulation see Heath, Deana (2010): Purifying empire. Obscenity and the politics of moral regulation in Britain, India and Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102.
Olorunfemi, Akinsola (1984): The liquor traffic dilemma in British West Africa: the southern Nigerian example, 1895–1918. In The International Journal of African Historical Studies 17 (2), p. 232; also Olukoju, Ayodeji (1991): Prohibition and paternalism: The State and the clandestine liquor traffic in Northern Nigeria, c. 1898–1918. In The International Journal of African Historical Studies 24 (2), pp. 350–2 and the rest for the difficulties of implementation as well as Heap, Simon (1998): “We think prohibition is a farce”: drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. In The International Journal of African Historical Studies 31 (1), pp. 23–51.
103.
Olorunfemi, The liquor, pp. 233–5.
104.
Hardiman, Adivasi; Hardiman, David (1985): From Custom to Crime. The Politics of Drinking in Colonial South Gujarat. In Ranajit Guha (Ed.): Subaltern studies IV. Writings on South Asian history and society. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 165–228; Rogers, John D. (1989): Cultural Nationalism and Social Reform: The 1904 Temperance Movement in Sri Lanka. In The Indian Economic & Social History Review 26 (3), pp. 319–341; Fernando, Tissa (1971): Arrack, Toddy and Ceylonese Nationalism. Some Observations on the Temperance Movement 1912–1921. In Modern Ceylon Studies 2 (2), pp. 123–150; Mills, The roots; Moore and Johnson, Drunk and disorderly.
105.
Owen, White (2007): Drunken states: temperance and French rule in Cote d’Ivoire, 1908–1916. In Journal of social history 40 (3), pp. 663–684; Schler, Lynn (2002): Looking through a glass of beer: Alcohol in the cultural spaces of colonial Douala, 1910–1945. In The International Journal of African Historical Studies 35 (2/3), pp. 315–334; Peters, Erica J. (2004): Taste, taxes, and technologies: industrializing rice alcohol in northern Vietnam, 1902–1913. In French Historical Studies 27 (3), pp. 569–600.
106.
Courtwright, Forces, p. 5.
107.
Ambler, Charles H.; Crush, Jonathan (1992): Alcohol in Southern African Labor History. In Crush and Ambler (Eds.): Liquor, p. 5.
108.
Ibid.
109.
Ibid.
110.
Dumett, Raymond E. (1974): The social impact of the European liquor trade on the Akan of Ghana (Gold Coast and Asante), 1875–1910. In The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (1), pp. 69–101.
111.
Ibid., p. 71.
112.
Heap, Simon (2005): “A Bottle of Gin Is Dangled Before the Nose of the Natives”: The Economic Uses of Imported Liquor in Southern Nigeria, 1860–1920. In African Economic History (33), p. 70.
113.
See for example Weikart, Richard (2003): Progress through racial extermination: Social Darwinism, eugenics, and pacifism in Germany, 1860–1918. In German Studies Review 26 (2), pp. 273–294.
114.
Charles Darwin (1871 [2004]): The Descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: Penguins Books Ltd., p. 212.
115.
Heap, Simon (2000): Transport and liquor in colonial Nigeria. In The Journal of Transport History 21 (1), p. 31; see also Olukoju, Prohibition, pp. 364–6.
116.
Moore and Johnson, Drunk and disorderly, p. 165.
117.
Chatterjee, Piya (2003): An empire of drink: gender, labor and the historical economies of alcohol. In Journal of Historical Sociology 16 (2), p. 195.
118.
Joseph Locke (2017): Making the Bible Belt. Texas Prohibitionists and the Politicization of Southern Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, particularly pp. 125–50.
119.
Fahey, Temperance and racism; Valverde, Mariana (1991): The age of light, soap and water. Moral reform in English Canada, 1885–1925. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, particularly on the racism of the WCTU in Canada see pp. 60–1.
120.
Valverde, “Racial poison”; see also Weindling 1993a, p. 173 and pp. 185–6 as well as Stepan 1991, pp. 63–101 and p. 85 in particular.
121.
Fischer-Tiné, Harald (2009): Low and licentious Europeans. Race, class and ‘White subalternity’ in colonial India. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, pp. 113–5.
122.
Valverde, Mariana (1997): ‘Slavery from within’: The invention of alcoholism and the question of free will. In Social History 22 (3), p. 252; also in the extended work Valverde, Mariana (1998): Diseases of the will. Alcohol and the dilemmas of freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Forth, Christopher E. (2001): Moral contagion and the will: the crisis of masculinity in fin-de-siècle France. In Alison Bashford, Claire Hooker (Eds.): Contagion. Historical and cultural studies. London: Routledge, pp. 61–75.
123.
Ibid.
124.
Heap, “A bottle of gin”, p. 70.
125.
See for example Dumett, The social impact, pp. 81–8; Hardiman, From custom to crime, pp. 173–7.
126.
For the classical study see Hobsbawm, Eric; Ranger, Terence (Eds.) (1983): The Invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
127.
West, Michael O. (1997): Liquor and Libido: “Joint Drinking” and the Politics of Sexual Control in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1920s–1950s. In Journal of social history 30 (3), pp. 645–667.
128.
Fahey, David M.; Manian, Padma (2005): Poverty and Purification: The Politics of Gandhi’s Campaign for Prohibition. In The Historian 67 (3), pp. 489–506.
129.
Hardiman, From custom to crime, p. 167.
130.
Hall, Samuel C. (1874): The trial of Sir Jasper. A temperance tale, in verse. London:: Virtue, Spalding, and Daldy, pp. 18–9, italic in original.
131.
Dumett, The social impact, p. 76. He nonetheless admits that there might have been substantial and not particularly positive changes away from traditional drinking beyond his period of inquiry, ending in 1910, ibid., p. 97; see also Akyeampong, Emmanuel (1995): Alcoholism in Ghana—A socio-cultural exploration. In Culture, medicine and psychiatry 19 (2), pp. 261–280.
132.
Diduk, Susan (1993): European alcohol, history, and the state in Cameroon. In African Studies Review 36 (1), p. 9.
133.
Heap, “A bottle of gin”, 72–81; notably this did not stop its consumption, people started diluting the bottles with water, spirits were sold at the coast with a stronger alcoholic content than the ones sold (or with which goods were bought) in the hinterland.
134.
Akyeampong, Drink, p. xvi.
135.
Heap, “A bottle of gin”, p. 71; see also Olukoju, Ayodeji (1991): Prohibition and paternalism: The State and the clandestine liquor traffic in Northern Nigeria, c. 1898–1918. In The International Journal of African Historical Studies 24 (2), pp. 349–368.
136.
See, for example, Herlihy, The alcoholic empire, p. 7; cf. Schrad, Mark Lawrence (2016): Vodka politics. Alcohol, autocracy, and the secret history of the Russian state. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 176–177.
137.
See, for example, Heap, Transport and liquor, p. 32.
138.
Fernando, Arrack, p. 127.
139.
Ibid., p. 143.
140.
Ibid., p. 148.
141.
Ibid.; for a dissenting argument on the involvement of temperance activists, see Kannangara, A. P. (1984): The riots of 1915 in Sri Lanka: A study in the roots of communal violence. In Past & Present 102 (1), p. 145.
142.
Fahey and Manian, Poverty and purification.
143.
Peters, Taste, p. 596.
144.
Ibid., 598.
145.
Mills, The roots, p. 205.
146.
Ibid., p. 212.
147.
Owen, Drunken states.
148.
Wagner, Rudolf G. (2007): Joining the Global Imaginaire. The Shanghai Illustrated Newspaper Dianshizhai huabao. In Rudolf G. Wagner (Ed.): Joining the global public. Word, image, and city in early Chinese newspapers, 1870–1910. Albany: State University of New York Press (SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture), pp. 105–173.
149.
Ibid., p. 106.
150.
Pratt, Mary Louise (2008): Imperial eyes. Travel writing and transculturation. 2nd ed. London: Routledge., pp. 15–36. This has followed a stage of circumnavigating the globe and a later stage of mapping it.
151.
Conrad, Sebastian; Sachsenmaier, Dominic (2007): Introduction: Competing Visions of World Order. Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s. In Sebastian Conrad, Dominic Sachsenmaier (Eds.): Competing Visions of World Order. Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 8–16.
152.
Ramaswamy, Sumathi (2017): Terrestrial Lessons. The Conquest of the World as Globe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
153.
Tschurenev, Jana (2019): Empire, Civil Society, and the Beginnings of Colonial Education in India. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, pp. 97–100.
154.
For example Schrad, Political power, p. 36.
155.
American Temperance Society 1832, pp. 54–5.
156.
Tyrell, Woman’s world, pp. 11–34.
157.
Ibid., p. 11.
158.
Schrad, Political power, p. 45.
159.
Tyrell, Woman’s world, p. 36.
160.
Union Signal, 1911, 37:16, p. 4.
161.
Union Signal, 1911, 37:48, p. 2.
162.
Carpenter, Teresa (2003): The Miss Stone affair. America’s first modern hostage crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster.
163.
Union Signal, 1906, 32:48, p. 1 [original address delivered before the World’s WCTU Convention, Boston, Mass, October 20, 1906].
164.
Union Signal, 1909, 35:46, p.5, italic in original.
165.
Vuzdurzhatel , 1895, 2:1, p. 3.
166.
Ibid., 1895, 2:1, p. 12.
167.
Ibid., 1894, 1:5, p. 33.
168.
See, for example, the report from the International Congress against Alcoholism in Basel in August 1895, Vuzdurzhatel, 1895, 2:10, pp. 1–2.
169.
Vuzdurzhatel , 1894, 1:2, pp. 10–1.
170.
Ibid., 1895, 2:1, p. 14; on south Gujarat see Hardiman, Adivasi and Hardiman, From custom to crime.
171.
Ibid., 1895, 2:11, pp. 8–9. The story is to be found in newspapers at different times and in different regions around the world, see for example Union Signal, 1894, 20: 4, p. 9.
172.
Ibid., 1894, 1:13, p. 101.
173.
Ibid., 1894, 1:21–22, p. 169.
174.
Ibid., 1894, 1:6, p. 44.
175.
Ibid.
176.
Ibid., 1895, 2:1, pp. 9–10.
177.
Ibid., 1897, 6:4, pp. 53–5.
178.
Ibid., 1897, 6:5, pp. 66–7.
179.
Ibid., 1897, 6:7, pp. 98–9.
180.
Borba s Alkoholizma, 1922, 1:1, p. 1.
181.
Ibid., 1922, 1:3, p. 35; for a discussion on Hercod and his scientific universalism see also Spöring, Mission.
182.
Ibid., 1923, 2:1, p. 4.

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Nikolay Kamenov

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Kamenov, N. (2020). A Global Imaginaire: Fighting Alcohol Around the World. In: Global Temperance and the Balkans. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41644-7_2

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