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Conditions and Controversy

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Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815

Part of the book series: Mental Health in Historical Perspective ((MHHP))

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Abstract

The final chapter focuses upon the issues and concerns highlighted by the private madhouse’s many vocal critics. Smith assembles evidence to demonstrate that internal standards and conditions in both London and provincial madhouses ranged across a wide spectrum, from the almost exemplary to the utterly scandalous. He examines the phenomenon of ‘wrongful confinement’, regarded in some quarters as the greatest of the evils associated with private madhouses. Other forms of malpractice and abuse are shown to have been conducted by some madhouse proprietors. Smith concludes by giving due prominence to the articulations of dissent and protest by people with direct experience of the madhouse, as patients or former patients.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Roy Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles: A History of Madness in England From the Restoration to the Regency (London: Athlone, 1987), pp. 148–51; William L. Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 221–5.

  2. 2.

    Kathleen Jones, A History of the Mental Health Services (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 57–86; Andrew Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900 (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 115–21.

  3. 3.

    Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 260–4, 269–70; Allan Ingram, The Madhouse of Language: Writing and Reading Madness in the Eighteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 117–42; Allan Ingram, with Michelle Flaubert, Cultural Constructions of Madness in Eighteenth-Century Writing: Representing the Insane (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 202–10.

  4. 4.

    Jonathan Andrews and Andrew Scull, Undertaker of the Mind: John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2001), pp. 155–7, 169–76.

  5. 5.

    W.C. Ellis, A Letter to Thomas Thompson, Esq., M.P. (Hull: Topping and Dawson, 1815), pp. 21–2.

  6. 6.

    S.H.A. Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, Vol. 2, 1888 to 1898 (Wedmore: W. Pole, 1898), p. 112; Norman G. Horner, ‘John Westover of Wedmore’, in Proceedings of the Third International Congress of the History of Medicine, London, July 17th to 22nd 1922 (Antwerp: De Vlijt, 1923), 178–81.

  7. 7.

    London Metropolitan Archives, Middlesex Deed Registry, M/1735/1/392. I am grateful to John Townley for this reference, included in ‘Bethnal Green Madhouse in the Eighteenth Century’ (2014; Unpublished, copy in Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives).

  8. 8.

    British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) 1814/15, Vol. IV, Select Committee (SC) on Madhouses in England, p. 18.

  9. 9.

    Ipswich Journal, 23 November 1765; London Chronicle, 28 December 1765.

  10. 10.

    Stamford Mercury, 6 March 1789; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 12, 19 March 1789.

  11. 11.

    Gloucester Journal, 19, 26 November 1781; H. Temple Phillips, ‘The History of the Old Private Lunatic Asylum at Fishponds, Bristol 1740–1859’ (University of Bristol, M.Sc. Dissertation, 1973), pp. 44–7.

  12. 12.

    Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 23 August 1788.

  13. 13.

    Somerset Heritage Centre, DD/TD/13, ‘Brislington House. An Asylum for Lunatics’ (London: S. Couchman, c.1806); G. Cumberland, ‘Mr Cumberland’s Account of Dr Fox’s Asylum for Lunatics, at Brislington, near Bristol’, The Weekly Entertainer, or Agreeable and Instructive Repository, 31 May 1813, 421–5; Leonard Smith, ‘A Gentleman’s Mad-Doctor in Georgian England: Edward Long Fox and Brislington House’, History of Psychiatry 19 (2), June 2008, 163–84, pp. 168–73; Clare Hickman, Therapeutic Landscapes; A History of English Hospital Gardens Since 1800 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013), pp. 3, 30–1, 36–45, 52–5, Sarah Rutherford, ‘The Landscapes of Public Lunatic Asylums in England, 1808–1914’ (De Montfort University, Leicester, PhD, 2003), pp. 127–35, 332–8.

  14. 14.

    Staffordshire Advertiser, 5 November 1808; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, SC on Madhouses, p. 122; Thomas Bakewell, A Letter Addressed to the Chairman of the Select Committee of the House of Commons Appointed to Enquire into the State of Mad-Houses (Newcastle: C. Chester, 1815), pp. 86–7—the engraving and ground plan of Spring Vale at the front confirm that it was purpose-built; L.D. Smith, ‘To Cure Those Afflicted With the Disease of Insanity: Thomas Bakewell and Spring Vale Asylum’, History of Psychiatry 4, 1993, 107–27, pp. 112–4.

  15. 15.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 31, 97–8, 264.

  16. 16.

    Surrey History Centre, QS 5/5/3, 17 November 1774.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 20 August 1777, 12 August 1791, 6 October 1795, 12 August 1799.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., 1, 28 October 1807, 9 September 1808, 3 January 1809.

  19. 19.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP/2056/14, 28 November 1776.

  20. 20.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP/2191/8, 6 April 1785.

  21. 21.

    Samuel Bruckshaw, One More Proof of the Iniquitous Abuse of Private Madhouses (London: for the Author, 1774), pp. 42–7; Samuel Bruckshaw, The Case, Petition and Address, of Samuel Bruckshaw, Who Suffered a Most Severe Imprisonment for Very Nearly a Whole Year, Loaded With Irons, Without Being Heard in His Defence, Nay Even Without Being Secured, and at Last Denied an Appeal to a Jury. Humbly Offered to the Perusal and Consideration of the Judicious and Humane Public (London: ‘Printed and Sold for the Sufferer’, 1774), pp. 20–6.

  22. 22.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP/2090/1, 15 October 1778.

  23. 23.

    QSP 2342/38, 8 July 1794; QSP 2370/3, 29 October 1795; QSP 2370/4, 12 April 1796; QSP 2595/17, 1 May 1810.

  24. 24.

    QSP 2406/54, 16 July 1798; QSP 2521/12, 2 September 1805; QSP 2606/3, 4 May, 29 December 1810; QSP, 2606/4, 8 June, 29 December 1810.

  25. 25.

    Staffordshire Archives, Q/SB/1776 T/105, 11 July 1776.

  26. 26.

    Staffordshire Archives, Q/SB/1784 M/193, 2 October 1784; Q/SB/1786 M/174, 21 September 1786.

  27. 27.

    Lichfield Joint Record Office, D 25/3/3, 29 December 1779. Lichfield was a county borough, not under the aegis of the Staffordshire justices. The report charitably described George Chadwick as ‘Practitioner in Physic’.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., D 25/3/3, 21 February 1788, 29 December 1796, 6 March 1802.

  29. 29.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 43, 48—one of the main witnesses was Dr Richard Fowler of Salisbury, who had been the Wiltshire justices’ physician visitor to Laverstock and another madhouse for fifteen years; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 44–6—William Lyttelton, M.P. for Worcestershire, wrote to the select committee praising Ricketts’s practices at Droitwich.

  30. 30.

    British Library, Add. MSS, 38,257, Liverpool Papers, Vol. LXVIII, ff. 96–8, 12 April 1814; 38,739, Huskisson Papers, Vol. VI, ff. 298–9, 7 December 1814, ff. 312–5, 15 December 1814, fo. 323, 27 December 1814; 38,740, Huskisson Papers, Vol. VII, fo. 55, 12 January 1815; 40,240, Peel Papers, Vol. LX, fo. 176, 16 November 1814; Smith, ‘To Cure Those Afflicted’, pp. 115–6; L.D. Smith, ‘Close Confinement in a Mighty Prison: Thomas Bakewell and His Campaign Against Public Asylums, 1810–1830’, History of Psychiatry 5, 1994, 191–214.

  31. 31.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 48.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., p. 22; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 116–7.

  33. 33.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 49–52 (quotes, p. 51).

  34. 34.

    BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 44–5.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., pp. 44–6, 51–5; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 122–3.

  36. 36.

    Parry-Jones, pp. 121–6.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., p. 122.

  38. 38.

    Bakewell, A Letter, pp. 9–10, 21–2, 52–60.

  39. 39.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 17–18.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., p. 20.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., p. 21.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., p. 76.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., p. 78.

  44. 44.

    Ibid., p. 110.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., pp. 80–1.

  46. 46.

    BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 36.

  47. 47.

    James Carkesse, Lucida Intervalla: Containing Divers Miscellaneous Poems, Written at Finsbury and Bethlem by the Doctors Patient Extraordinary (London, 1679), pp. 6, 9.

  48. 48.

    Edward Trevor, A Breif Account of the Severe Usage of Sir John Trevor to His Eldest Son (n.d., c1700).

  49. 49.

    A Full and True Account of the Whole Tryal, Examination and Conviction of Dr James Newton, Who Keeps the Mad House at Islinstton, For Violently Keeping and Misusing of William Rogers (London: J. Benson, 1715), p. 1.

  50. 50.

    Daily Courant, 23 April 1733; Grub Street Journal, 28 June 1733.

  51. 51.

    Public Advertiser, 9 April 1772; Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. XLII, April 1772, pp. 195–6; Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King’s Bench, From Easter Term 12 Geo.3 to Michaelmas 14 Geo.3 (Both Inclusive) (Dublin: James Moore, 1790), pp. 74–5.

  52. 52.

    Bruckshaw, One More Proof, pp. 42–4; Bruckshaw, The Case, Petition and Address, pp. 20–2.

  53. 53.

    William Belcher, Belcher’s Address to Humanity: Containing, A Letter to Dr Thomas Monro; A Receipt to Make a Lunatic, and Seize His Estate; and a Sketch of a True Smiling Hyena (London, 1796), pp. 4–5, 9; Porter, Manacles, p. 263. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this was James Stratten’s madhouse on Mare Street.

  54. 54.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP 2406/54, 16 July 1798.

  55. 55.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP 2493/4, 13 January 1804.

  56. 56.

    Ibid., QSP 2521/12, 2 September 1805. The visitors consisted of a physician and two clergymen.

  57. 57.

    QSP 2569/3, 18 September 1808.

  58. 58.

    QSP 2606/4, 8 June, 29 December 1810.

  59. 59.

    QSP 2606/3, 4 May, 29 December 1810; QSP 2617/65, 4 October 1811.

  60. 60.

    Surrey History Centre, QS 5/5/3, 1 October 1807.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., 28 October 1807, 9 September 1808; Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine, Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 612–3.

  62. 62.

    Surrey History Centre, QS 5/5/3, 3 January 1809, 23 July 1810.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., QS 5/5/4, 10 March 1814.

  64. 64.

    Lichfield Joint Record Office, D25/3/3, 21 February 1788.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 29 December 1796.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., 6 March 1802, 9 July 1803.

  67. 67.

    24 July 1806, 24 July 1808, 13 July 1811.

  68. 68.

    Gloucestershire Archives, Q/AL 39, 11 October 1816; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 98–9.

  69. 69.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 114, evidence of Lord Robert Seymour.

  70. 70.

    Ibid., p. 19, evidence of Edward Wakefield.

  71. 71.

    Ibid., p. 107, evidence of Sir Lucas Pepys.

  72. 72.

    The highly unsatisfactory accommodation and conditions affecting over one-hundred naval lunatics at Hoxton House had been detailed in 1812 by Dr John Weir, the Inspector of Naval Hospitals—Evening Mail, 26 August 1814; The Examiner, 28 August 1814.

  73. 73.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 77, 79.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., p. 108.

  75. 75.

    Ibid., p. 80.

  76. 76.

    Ibid., pp. 18, 28, 173; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 7–8, 20—Matthew Talbot claimed that the practice had ended over the last year.

  77. 77.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 170; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 77.

  78. 78.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 18, 114, 168.

  79. 79.

    Ibid., pp. 26–7.

  80. 80.

    Ibid., pp. 81, 167–8; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 10.

  81. 81.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 18, 31, 112, 114, 168.

  82. 82.

    Ibid., pp. 26–7, 114.

  83. 83.

    Ibid., pp. 18–9, 81–2, 109–13, 167–8; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 7–10, 18–20.

  84. 84.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 107.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., pp. 25, 27, evidence of Dr John Weir.

  86. 86.

    Ibid., p. 19.

  87. 87.

    Ibid., p. 22.

  88. 88.

    Somerset Heritage Centre, Q/RLU/c6, 14 July 1817.

  89. 89.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 21.

  90. 90.

    Ibid., pp. 43–8; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 250–2.

  91. 91.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 43, 47. Several patients had been admitted without proper certificates.

  92. 92.

    Ibid., p. 44.

  93. 93.

    Ibid., p. 46.

  94. 94.

    Ibid., pp. 47–8.

  95. 95.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 222–31.

  96. 96.

    Porter, Manacles, pp. 146–53.

  97. 97.

    Andrews and Scull, Undertaker of the Mind, pp. 149–59, 170–8.

  98. 98.

    Elizabeth Foyster, ‘At the Limits of Liberty; Married Women and Confinement in Eighteenth-Century England’, Continuity and Change 17 (1), 2002, 39–62.

  99. 99.

    Review of the State of the English Nation, 8 June 1706, Issue 69, pp. 273–6.

  100. 100.

    Ibid., pp. 275–6. See also Review of the State of the English Nation, 25 July 1706, Issue 89, which offers an alternative version of events and details the woman’s florid symptoms and problematic behaviours. The ‘infamous Apothecary’ was probably Robert Norris, Tyson’s brother-in-law and business partner (see Chap. 3).

  101. 101.

    Trevor, A Breif Account.

  102. 102.

    John Fortescue-Aland, Reports of Select Cases in all the Courts of Westminster-Hall (London: W. Chinnery, 1748), pp. 166–7; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 297; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 7/1/20, and also used for subsequent calculations.

  103. 103.

    A Full and True Account; British Weekly Mercury, 4 June 1715.

  104. 104.

    Pue’s Occurrences, 8 September 1719.

  105. 105.

    Applebee’s Weekly Journal, 25 February 1721; Stamford Mercury, 2 March 1721. The madhouse keeper was probably William Read, son-in-law and successor to Robert Norris.

  106. 106.

    Daniel Defoe, Augusta Triumphans, Or, the Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe (London: F. Roberts, 1728), p. 30.

  107. 107.

    Ibid., pp. 31–2, 35–7.

  108. 108.

    Ibid., pp. 33–4. See also Daniel Defoe, The Generous Projector, Or A Friendly Proposal to Prevent Murder and Other Enormous Abuses, By Erecting an Hospital for Foundlings and Bastard-Children (London: A. Dodd, 1731), pp. 30–8.

  109. 109.

    The English Law Reports, Vol. 94, King’s Bench, pp. 29, 44, ‘The King and Dr Newton’. The woman had previously been removed by Habeas Corpus from another madhouse.

  110. 110.

    Daily Courant, 23 April 1733; Ipswich Journal, 23 June 1733; Derby Mercury, 28 June 1733; Grub Street Journal, 28 June 1733; Newcastle Courant, 30 June 1733.

  111. 111.

    Daily Post, 10 April 1736. The Gloucester Street madhouse was kept by Michael Duffield.

  112. 112.

    Bristol Record Office, Jefferies Collection, 44784/19, pp. 163–74, Edward Goldney Case, 25 May 1745–30 November 1746, particularly pp. 169, 171.

  113. 113.

    Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 149–51; The Distress’d Orphan, Or Love in a Mad-House (Second Edition, London: J. Roberts, 1726).

  114. 114.

    The Jilts: Or, Female Fortune-Hunters (London: Francis Noble, c1756), Vol. III, pp. 40–6.

  115. 115.

    The History and Amours of Miss Katty N—, Containing a Faithful and Particular Account of Her Amours, Adventures, and Various Turns of Fortune, in Scotland, Ireland, Jamaica, and in England. Written By Herself (London: F. Noble, c1757), pp. 194–6.

  116. 116.

    The Juvenile Adventures of Miss Kitty F—r (London: Stephen Smith, 1759), Vol. 1, pp. 19–27.

  117. 117.

    Proposals for Redressing Some Grievances Which Greatly Affect the Whole Nation. With a Sensible Warning to Our Beautiful Young Ladies Against Fortune-Hunters; and a Remedy Proposed in Favour of the Ladies (London: J. Johnson, 1740); Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 366–7; Porter, Manacles, p. 148.

  118. 118.

    Proposals for Redressing Some Grievances, p. 24.

  119. 119.

    Ibid., p. 25.

  120. 120.

    Ibid., pp. 25–7.

  121. 121.

    Old England, 10 November 1750.

  122. 122.

    The English Law Reports, Vol. 94, p. 741, Rex versus Turlington, 28 January 1761; Jones, A History of the Mental Health Services, pp. 28–9; Porter, Manacles, p. 150; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 156–7; Foyster, ‘At the Limits of Liberty’, p. 52.

  123. 123.

    The English Law Reports, Vol. 94, p. 875, Rex Versus Clarke, 29 November 1762; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 172–3. As indicated in Chap. 3, Monro had a financial interest in Clarke’s madhouse, Brooke House, which was not mentioned in court.

  124. 124.

    London Evening Post, 9 December 1762.

  125. 125.

    Gentleman’s Magazine 33, January 1763, 25–6; The Scots Magazine 25, January 1763, 37–9; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 224; Porter, Manacles, pp. 150–1. It was published as a pamphlet in 1766.

  126. 126.

    Gentleman’s Magazine 33, January 1763, pp. 25–6; The Scots Magazine 25, January 1763, pp. 37–9; London Chronicle, 22 January 1763; St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 24 February 1763.

  127. 127.

    Elizabeth Foyster, ‘John Sherratt (1718–1788), Entrepreneur and Social Reformer’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/40637, accessed 8/12/18; Karina Williamson, ‘Christopher Smart (1722–1771), Poet’, ODNB, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25739, accessed 8/12/18; ‘An Epistle to John Sherratt, Esq’, in Christopher Smart, Poems By Mr Smart (London, 1763), pp. 18–21. According to Williamson, in January 1763 Sherratt got permission to take Smart out to dinner and he did not return to the madhouse.

  128. 128.

    Jones, A History, pp. 29–30; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 224; Porter, Manacles, pp. 150–1.

  129. 129.

    Sherratt generally does not provide dates. Wright’s madhouse passed to Christopher Potter and his wife in 1755 (see Chap. 3).

  130. 130.

    The Scots Magazine 25, January 1763, pp. 37–9; London Chronicle, 22 January 1763; St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 24 February 1763.

  131. 131.

    London Evening Post, 1, 8 February 1763.

  132. 132.

    Journal of the House of Commons, 27 January 1763, pp. 413–4, 22 February 1763, pp. 486–9; A Report from the Committee, Appointed (Upon the 27th Day of January 1763) to Enquire into the State of Madhouses in This Kingdom with the Proceedings of the House Thereupon (London: Whiston and White, 1763), pp. 4–10; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 155–6; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 224–5; Jones, A History, pp. 30–1; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 452.

  133. 133.

    Tobias Smollett, Continuation of the Complete History of England, Volume the Fifth (London: Richard Baldwin, 1765), pp. 209–10.

  134. 134.

    Porter, Manacles, pp. 151–2; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, p. 158.

  135. 135.

    Lloyds Evening Post and British Chronicle, 2 March 1763; Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser, 4 March, 12 November 1763; London Chronicle, 15 March 1763; London Evening Post, 15 December 1763.

  136. 136.

    Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser, 21 February, 23 June 1764; Lloyd’s Evening Post, 22 February 1764.

  137. 137.

    TNA, KB 1/16/4, Trin. 6, Geo. 3, no. 1, Deposition of James Sherratt, 22 May 1766; Foyster, ‘At the Limits of Liberty’, pp. 45–6; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 171–2.

  138. 138.

    London Evening Post, 26 February, 2 March 1771; Middlesex Journal or Chronicle of Liberty, 2 March 1771; General Evening Post, 2 March 1771; Public Advertiser, 13 March 1771; London Chronicle, 14 March 1771.

  139. 139.

    The English Law Reports, Vol. 98, Michaelmas Term, 12 Geo. 3, 1772, pp. 539–43, ‘The King against Coate (sic), the Keeper of a Madhouse’; Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King’s Bench, pp. 73–6; London Evening Post, 7 April 1772; Public Advertiser, 9 April 1772; Daily Advertiser, 10, 18 April 1772; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 174–7.

  140. 140.

    Public Advertiser, 9 April 1772; Five Letters on Important Subjects. First Printed in a Public Paper, Now Collected and Revised (London: W. Owen, 1772), pp. 21–7, ‘Letter IV. To the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-Council of the City of London’.

  141. 141.

    Bruckshaw, One More Proof, pp. 18–38, 42–7; Bruckshaw, The Case, Petition and Address, pp. 9–19, 26–36.

  142. 142.

    Public Advertiser, 16 March 1774; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 6 May 1774.

  143. 143.

    Morning Advertiser, 20 February, 16 April 1806; Morning Post, 20 February 1806; Evening Mail, 24 February, 18 April 1806; London Courier and Evening Gazette, 16 April 1806; Stamford Mercury, 18 April 1806.

  144. 144.

    Morning Advertiser, 31 October 1810; Morning Post, 31 October 1810; Bell’s Weekly Messenger, 4 November 1810.

  145. 145.

    Bell’s Weekly Messenger, 25 April 1813; Stamford Mercury, 30 April 1813; The Examiner, 2 May 1813.

  146. 146.

    London Courier and Evening Gazette, 19 July 1813.

  147. 147.

    Morning Post, 5, 20 August 1814; Morning Chronicle, 29 August 1814.

  148. 148.

    Morning Post, 6, 29 April 1814; Morning Chronicle, 29 April 1815.

  149. 149.

    Review of the State of the English Nation, 8 June 1706, p. 275; Defoe, Augusta Triumphans, p. 31.

  150. 150.

    St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 10 September 1761.

  151. 151.

    Gentleman’s Magazine 33, January 1763, p. 26.

  152. 152.

    An Account of the Rise, and Present Establishment of the Lunatick Hospital in Manchester (Manchester: J. Harrop, 1771), pp. 5, 7.

  153. 153.

    An Earnest Application to the Humane Public, Concerning the Present State of the Asylum Erected Near York for the Reception of Lunatics (York, 1777), p. 4; Leonard Smith, Lunatic Hospitals in Georgian England, 1750–1830 (London and New York: Routledge, 2007), p. 25.

  154. 154.

    James Scott, D.D., A Sermon Preached at York on the 29th of March 1780, for the Benefit of the Lunatic Asylum (York: A. Ward, 1780), p. 23.

  155. 155.

    Morning Chronicle, 14 September, 6 December 1791; St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 15, 20 September, 15 December 1791; Star, 16 September 1791.

  156. 156.

    William Pargeter, Observations on Maniacal Disorders (Reading: For the Author, 1792), pp. 124–8.

  157. 157.

    Bedfordshire Archives, D/ER C107/17, 29 May 1733, J. Radcliffe to R. Radcliffe.

  158. 158.

    John Wain (ed), The Journals of James Boswell, 1762–1795 (London: Mandarin, 1991), pp. 275–6.

  159. 159.

    Carkesse, Lucida Intervalla, pp. 3, 6, 9–10.

  160. 160.

    Trevor, A Breif Account.

  161. 161.

    Lancashire Archives, DDKE/HMC/892, 23 November 1694, Lady Willoughby to Kenyon.

  162. 162.

    Porter, Manacles, pp. 149–50, 262–3, 270; Ingram, The Madhouse of Language, pp. 117–20; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 93–116.

  163. 163.

    Alexander Cruden, The London-Citizen Exceedingly Injured; Or a British Inquisition Display’d (London, 1739), pp. 5–25.

  164. 164.

    Ibid., pp. 7, 10, 12, 13, 21.

  165. 165.

    Ibid., pp. 8–9.

  166. 166.

    Ibid., p. 12.

  167. 167.

    Ibid., pp. 35–6.

  168. 168.

    Alexander Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector (London: For the Author, 1754).

  169. 169.

    Ibid., p. 8. Inskip had been a keeper at Duffield’s.

  170. 170.

    Ibid., pp. 11–2.

  171. 171.

    Ibid., pp. 12, 14, 20–3.

  172. 172.

    Cruden, The Adventures, pp. 12–21.

  173. 173.

    Ibid., pp. 14, 18, 22; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 101–2.

  174. 174.

    Cruden, The Adventures, p. 25.

  175. 175.

    Alexander Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector. The Second Part (London: For the Author, 1754); Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector. The Third Part (London: For the Author, 1755); Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 103–7.

  176. 176.

    Bruckshaw, One More Proof; Bruckshaw, The Case, Petition and Address; Porter, Manacles, pp. 261–2.

  177. 177.

    Bruckshaw, The Case, Petition and Address, pp. 20–2; Bruckshaw, One More Proof, pp. 42–6.

  178. 178.

    Belcher’s Address to Humanity, p. 3; Porter, Manacles, p. 263.

  179. 179.

    Belcher’s Address, pp. 6–8.

  180. 180.

    Ibid., pp. 13, 16.

  181. 181.

    Richard Brothers, A Letter from Mr Brothers to Miss Cott, the Recorded Daughter of David, and Future Queen of the Hebrews, With an Address to the Members of His Brittanic Majesty’s Council, and Through Them to All Governments and People on Earth (London: G. Riebau, 1798).

  182. 182.

    Ibid., p. 14.

  183. 183.

    Ibid., pp. 15, 21–2.

  184. 184.

    Ibid., p. 23.

  185. 185.

    Richard Brothers, Copy of a Letter From Mr Brothers, Who Will Be Revealed to the Hebrew, as Their King and Restorer to Dr Samuel Foart Simmons (London: A. Seale, 1802), pp. 1–3. Copy in British Library.

  186. 186.

    A Full and True Account, pp. 1, 3, 5–6.

  187. 187.

    Bristol Record Office, Jefferies Collection, 44784/19, pp. 169, 171.

  188. 188.

    William Hawkes (ed.), The Diaries of Sanderson Miller of Radway (Stratford-upon-Avon: Dugdale Society, XLI, 2005), p. 328.

  189. 189.

    Ibid., p. 383.

  190. 190.

    John Greene, Reminiscences of the Rev. Robert Hall, A.M. Late of Bristol, and Sketches of His Sermons Preached at Cambridge Prior to 1806 (London: Frederick Westley and A.H. Davies, 1834), pp. 47–8.

  191. 191.

    Ibid., pp. 58–9.

  192. 192.

    E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp. 84–110.

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    Leonard Smith

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Smith, L. (2020). Conditions and Controversy. In: Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815. Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_8

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