Therapeutics of the Madhouse

Smith, Leonard

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_7

Leonard Smith⁴

Part of the book series: Mental Health in Historical Perspective ((MHHP))

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Abstract

In this chapter Smith explores the changing nature of treatment and care for mental disorders during the long eighteenth century, referring to contemporary distinctions of ‘medical’ and ‘moral’ treatment or ‘management’. He highlights the centrality of a curative ideal and contends that private madhouses became prime sites for testing out different approaches and confronting fundamental dilemmas. Discourses of authority and control were being challenged by an increasing expectation that humanity and gentleness would be exercised towards patients. Established medical and physical treatments continued to be widely deployed, supported by the technology of mechanical restraint and coercion. Simultaneously, a climate of experimentation stimulated controversial methods like the circular swing as well as the refinement of interactional psychological techniques.

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Notes

1.
Roy Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles: A History of Madness in England From the Restoration to the Regency (London: Athlone, 1987), see particularly Chap. 4; Roy Porter, ‘Shaping Psychiatric Knowledge: the Role of the Asylum’, in Roy Porter (ed.), Medicine in the Enlightenment (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), 255–73; Roy Porter, ‘Was There a Moral Therapy in Eighteenth-Century Psychiatry?’, Lychnos, 1981–2, 12–25; Roy Porter, ‘Madness and its Institutions’, in Andrew Wear (ed.), Medicine in Society; Historical Essays (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1992), 277–301.
2.
John Conolly, The Treatment of the Insane Without Mechanical Restraints (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1856), pp. 1–33, 107–46; Daniel Hack Tuke, Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1882), see particularly Chap. 3.
3.
Michael MacDonald, ‘Religion, Social Change and Psychological Healing in England, 1600–1800’, in W.J. Shiels (ed.), The Church and Healing (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 101–25; Jonathan Andrews, ‘Cause or Symptom? Contentions Surrounding Religious Melancholy and Mental Medicine in Late-Georgian Britain’, Studies in the Literary Imagination 44: 2, 2011, 63–91.
4.
David Irish, Levamen Infirmi: Or, Cordial Counsel to the Sick and Diseased (London: For the Author, 1700; Thomas Fallowes, The Best Method for the Cure of Lunaticks. With Some Account of the Incomparable Oleum Cephalicum Used in the Same, Prepared and Administered By Tho. Fallowes, M.D. At His House in Lambeth-Marsh (London, 1705).
5.
Lewis Southcomb, Peace of Mind and Health of Body United (London: M. Cooper, 1750).
6.
William Battie, A Treatise on Madness (London: Whiston and White, 1758); John Monro, Remarks on Dr Battie’s Treatise on Madness (London: John Clarke, 1758).
7.
William Perfect, Methods of Cure, in Some Particular Cases of Insanity: the Epilepsy, Hypochondriacal Affection, Hysteric Passion, and Nervous Disorders, Prefixed With Some Account of Each of Those Complaints (Rochester: T. Fisher, 1777); William Perfect, Select Cases in the Different Species of Insanity, Lunacy or Madness, With the Modes of Practice Adopted in the Treatment of Each (Rochester: W. Gillman, 1787); William Perfect, Annals of Insanity, Comprising a Variety of Select Cases in the Differing Species of Insanity, Lunacy or Madness, With the Modes of Practice. As Adopted in the Treatment of Each (London: Second Edition, For the Author, 1801). A fourth edition of Annals of Insanity was published in 1806—Morning Chronicle, 18 July 1806.
8.
Thomas Arnold, Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes, and Prevention of Insanity, Lunacy, or Madness (Leicester: G. Ireland, two volumes, 1782–86); Thomas Arnold, Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes, and Prevention of Insanity (Second Edition, Two Volumes; London: Richard Phillips, 1806); Thomas Arnold, Observations on the Management of the Insane; and Particularly on the Agency and Importance of Kind and Humane Treatment in Effecting Their Cure (London: Richard Phillips, 1809).
9.
Joseph Mason Cox, Practical Observations on Insanity; in Which Some Suggestions Are Offered Towards an Improved Mode of Treating Diseases of the Mind, and Some Rules Proposed Which It Is Hoped May Lead to a More Humane and Successful Method of Cure; to Which Are Subjoined, Remarks on Medical Jurisprudence, as Is Related to Diseased Intellect (London: Baldwin and Murray, 1804); Joseph Mason Cox, Practical Observations on Insanity (London: Second Edition, J. Murray, 1806); Joseph Mason Cox, Practical Observations on Insanity (London: Third Edition, E. Baldwin, 1813).
10.
Benjamin Faulkner, Observations on the General and Improper Treatment of Insanity: With a Plan for the More Speedy and Effective Recovery of Insane Persons (London: H. Reynell, 1790); Thomas Bakewell, The Domestic Guide in Cases of Insanity, Pointing Out the Causes, Means of Preventing and Proper Treatment, of That Disorder (Hanley, 1805); Thomas Bakewell, The Domestic Guide in Cases of Insanity (Newcastle: Second Edition, C. Chester, 1809); Thomas Bakewell, A Letter Addressed to the Chairman of the Select Committee of the House of Commons Appointed to Enquire into the State of Mad-Houses: To Which Is Subjoined Remarks on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of Mental Derangement (Newcastle: C. Chester, 1815).
11.
Porter, ‘Was There a Moral Therapy?’, pp. 16–17; Porter, ‘Shaping Psychiatric Knowledge’, p. 259; Porter, ‘Madness and its Institutions’, p. 290; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 139, 211.
12.
British Library, General Reference Collection, C.112.f.9. (73).
13.
Fallowes, The Best Method for the Cure of Lunaticks, p. 12.
14.
Leicester Journal, 10, 17, 24 November 1815.
15.
Battie, A Treatise on Madness, pp. 68–9.
16.
Monro, Remarks on Dr Battie’s Treatise, pp. 37–8.
17.
Somerset Heritage Centre, DD/TD/13, ‘Brislington House. An Asylum for Lunatics, Situated near Bristol on the Road from Bath, and Lately Erected by Ed. Long Fox, M.D.’ (London: S. Couchman, c.1806), p. 1.
18.
Arnold, Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes, and Prevention, Vol. I, p. 9.
19.
Monro, Remarks, pp. 38, 59.
20.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 43, 68.
21.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, p. 11
22.
Ibid., p. 24.
23.
Ibid., p. 42.
24.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement Du Docteur Willis, Pour La Guérison Des Aliénés’, Bibliothèque Britannique (Geneva, 1796), Littérature, Vol. 1, no. 4, Avril 1796, 759–73; Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter, George III and the Mad-Business (London: Allen Lane, 1969), pp. 52–86; London Chronicle, 11–3, 27–30 December 1788.
25.
Fallowes, The Best Method, p. 19.
26.
See Chaps. 3 and 4.
27.
Newcastle Courant, 17 May–1 November 1766.
28.
Chester Chronicle, 20 February 1778.
29.
Salisbury and Winchester Journal, 8 February 1779.
30.
Salisbury and Winchester Journal, 15, 22 August 1803.
31.
Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 7 November 1791.
32.
Northampton Mercury, 20 November 1802.
33.
Monro, Remarks, p. 38.
34.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), p. 25.
35.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 42.
36.
Cox, Practical Observations (1813), ‘Advertisement’.
37.
Ibid., p. 84.
38.
Arnold, Observations on the Management of the Insane; and Particularly on the Agency and Importance of Humane and Kind Treatment in Effecting Their Cure.
39.
Ibid., p. 42.
40.
Alexander Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector; The Second Part (London: For the Author, 1754), p. 22.
41.
Porter, Manacles, pp. 207, 220; Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine, Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 501–2.
42.
Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, D/ER C54, 12 October 1731, Duffield to Radcliffe.
43.
Monro, Remarks, p. 59.
44.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), pp. 76, 81; (1806), pp. 41, 102–3, 118; (1813), p. 59.
45.
Perfect, Select Cases in the Different Species if Insanity—p. 47, Case IX; p. 52, Case X; p. 61, Case XII; p. 98, Case XIX; p. 121, Case XXIII; p. 263, Case XLIX.
46.
British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) 1816, Vol. VI, Select Committee (SC) on Madhouses in England, p. 51.
47.
BPP 1815, Vol. IV, SC on Madhouses in England, p. 123. See also Bakewell, The Domestic Guide in Cases of Insanity (1805), pp. 64–6, and Bakewell, A Letter to the Chairman of the Select Committee, pp. 51–2.
48.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), pp. 89–90, (1806), pp. 117–8.
49.
Bedfordshire CRO, X125/68, Thomas Crawley MB, ‘On Madness’.
50.
Perfect, Select Cases, pp. 49, 53, 61–2, 64–5, 121, 323.
51.
Monro, Remarks, pp. 50, 59; Battie, A Treatise on Madness, pp. 94, 99; Arnold, Observations on the Management, p. 49.
52.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), pp. 85–7; (1806), pp. 112–5; (1813), p. 125.
53.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, SC on Madhouses, p. 83.
54.
Perfect, Methods of Cure, pp. 10, 84; Perfect, Annals of Insanity, p. 376.
55.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), p. 96; (1806), pp. 129–30.
56.
J. Hallet (ed.), The Life of the Reverend Mr Geo. Trosse, Late Minister of the Gospel in the City of Exon (London: Joseph Bliss, 1714), p. 63.
57.
Irish, Levamen Infirmi, p. 53.
58.
Morning Chronicle, 31 October 1783, 13 February 1784.
59.
Perfect, Methods of Cure, pp. 7–10.
60.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, pp. 13, 51.
61.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 82–4.
62.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 52.
63.
John Archer, Every Man His Own Doctor, Compleated with an Herbal…The Second Edition, with Additions, viz. A Treatise of Melancholy and Distraction, with Government in Cure (London: For the Author, 1673), pp. 126–7.
64.
National Archives (TNA), C 217/55/9/63, 9 July 1726, Affidavit of William Sowon.
65.
Andrews and Scull, Undertaker of the Mind, pp. 28–9; Monro, Remarks, p. 52.
66.
Alexander Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector (London: For the Author, 1754), p. 18. In 1739, when Cruden was at Wright’s Bethnal Green madhouse, Monro’s father James ‘ordered him to be blooded in the left foot’, so much being taken away ‘that the foot was for some months after benumm’d’—Alexander Cruden, The London-Citizen Exceedingly Injured; Or a British Inquisition Display’d (London, 1739), p. 10.
67.
Battie, A Treatise on Madness, pp. 74–5, 94.
68.
Perfect, Methods of Cure, pp. 22–3, 33; Perfect, Select Cases, pp. 46–7, 86, 121, 322–3; Perfect, Annals of Insanity, p. 376.
69.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 116; (1813), pp. 123–4.
70.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, pp. 49–52.
71.
See Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 146–7.
72.
Perfect—Methods of Cure, pp. 9, 17; Select Cases, pp. 86, 99, 322; Annals of Insanity, p. 376.
73.
Shropshire Archives, 938/600, 17 August 1777, Penbury to Penbury; 938/604, 11 October 1777, Penbury to Proud.
74.
Shropshire Archives, 938/635, 20 May 1788, Penbury to Proud; 938/636, 4 June 1788, Proud to Penbury.
75.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement Du Docteur Willis’, p. 766.
76.
Southcomb, Peace of Mind and Health of Body, pp. 57–8.
77.
Battie, Treatise, p. 94; Monro, Remarks, p. 52.
78.
Bakewell, Domestic Guide (1805), p. 61.
79.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 127; (1813), p. 139. Cox also used setons, particularly in cases of mania—(1806), p. 136.
80.
Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 123, 255–6, 268–9; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 29, 30, 106, 127, 221.
81.
See Chaps. 3 and 4.
82.
Fallowes, The Best Method, pp. 21–2.
83.
Morning Post, 17 October 1804; Exeter Flying Post, 15 January 1807.
84.
Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 325–9.
85.
James Currie, Medical Reports on the Effects of Water, Cold and Warm, as a Remedy in Fever and Febrile Diseases (Liverpool: J. M’Creery, second edition, 1797), pp. 140–50.
86.
Perfect—Methods of Cure, p. 10; Select Cases, pp. 52, 98, 262.
87.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 119–27.
88.
Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 326; Bristol Mirror, 14 August 1813; The Examiner, 2 October 1814.
89.
William L. Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 192–3; Report of the Committee Who Have Undertaken to Make Enquiry Into, and Ascertain the Extent of, the Process Practised by Messrs Delahoyde and Lucett for the Relief of Persons Afflicted With Insanity (London: W. Bulmer, 1813); Sheffield City Archives, Fitzwilliam MSS—WWM/F/64/191, ‘Report’ (undated); WWM/F/64/210, 2 February 1814, Harness to Fitzwilliam; WWM/F/64/212, 16 February 1814, Harness to Fitzwilliam.
90.
Fallowes, The Best Method, pp. 14–6; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 293–5.
91.
Crawley, ‘On Madness’. The main constituent was St John’s Wort.
92.
Katharine Hodgkin, Women, Madness and Sin in Early Modern England; The Autobiographical Writings of Dionys Fitzherbert (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 198–9.
93.
Cruden, The London-Citizen Exceedingly Injur’d, p. 7.
94.
Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector, pp. 17, 19.
95.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 99–100; Gloucestershire Archives, Q/AL 39, Visitors’ Report, 11 October 1816—‘When Patients refuse food spouting is had recourse to & feeding by force with a spoon—The teeth are very seldom broken’. Spouting involved a nasal device.
96.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 125; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 3–5, 54.
97.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 55. Ricketts’s machine contained water.
98.
Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 595–8; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 197–8; Porter, Manacles, pp. 221–2; Andrew Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900 (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 73–7; Leonard Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’: Public Lunatic Asylums in Early Nineteenth-Century England (London: Leicester University Press, 1999), pp. 205–7; Nicholas J. Wade and U. Norrssell, ‘Cox’s Chair: “A Moral and a Medical Mean in the Treatment of Maniacs”’, History of Psychiatry 16 (1), 2005, 73–88; Sheila Dickson, ‘Rotation Therapy for Maniacs, Melancholics and Idiots: Theory, Practice and Perception in European Medical and Literary Case Histories’, History of Psychiatry 29 (1), 2018, 22–37. Cox credited Erasmus Darwin with initiating its medical use, but Cox adapted it for treating mental disorders.
99.
Cox, Practical Observations—(1804), pp. 102–36; (1806), pp. 137–76; (1813), pp. 151–77. The 1813 edition dispensed with case examples, but it expanded upon the mechanical and medical aspects of ‘Swinging’.
100.
Cox, (1804), pp. 102–3.
101.
Ibid., pp. 104–5.
102.
Ibid., pp. 106–8.
103.
Ibid., p. 109.
104.
Ibid., pp. 111–2, 116, 122–4.
105.
Cox, (1813), vi–vii, ‘Advertisement’.
106.
Cox (1813), pp. 174–5; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 650; Brendan Kelly, Custody, Care and Criminality: Forensic Psychiatry and Law in 19^th Century Ireland (Dublin: History Press Ireland, 2014), pp. 38–41.
107.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 21, 22.
108.
Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 206–7; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 595.
109.
Wade and Norssell, ‘Cox’s Chair’, pp. 77–80; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 663—Benjamin Rush installed a ‘gyrater’ at the Pennsylvania Hospital; Dickson, ‘Rotation Therapy for Maniacs’, pp. 28–31.
110.
Dickson, ‘Rotation Therapy for Maniacs’, pp. 30–4.
111.
Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 248–71.
112.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, p. 8.
113.
Ibid., p. 14.
114.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), pp. 23, 47.
115.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 74.
116.
Cox, Practical Observations (1813), p. 86.
117.
Gloucestershire Archives, Q/AL 39, 11 October 1816.
118.
Hallet, The Life of the Reverend Mr Geo. Trosse, pp. 55–6, 59–60.
119.
Edward Trevor, A Breif Account of the Severe Usage of Sir John Trevor to His Eldest Son (n.d., c1700).
120.
A Full and True Account of the Whole Tryal, Examination and Conviction of Dr James Newton, Who Keeps the Mad House at Islinstton, For Violently Keeping and Misusing of William Rogers (London: J. Benson, 1715), pp. 2–3.
121.
Bristol Archives, 44784/19, p. 169.
122.
Cruden, The London-Citizen, pp. 6–9; Cruden, The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector, pp. 12, 21; Samuel Bruckshaw, One More Proof of the Iniquitous Abuse of Private Madhouses (London: for the Author, 1774), pp. 42–5.
123.
John Greene, Reminiscences of the Rev. Robert Hall, A.M. Late of Bristol, and Sketches of His Sermons Preached at Cambridge Prior to 1806 (London: Frederick Westley and A.H. Davies, 1834), p. 47. Thomas Arnold expressed a curious ambivalence regarding the use of chains, arguing in 1809 that they ‘should never be used but in the case of poor patients’, who could not afford sufficient attendance to ensure safety—Arnold, Observations on the Management, p. 17.
124.
TNA, C 217/55/8/21, 3 May 1725, Affidavit of William Fricker.
125.
TNA, C 217/55/9/24, 19 January 1725, Affidavit of Benjamin Coles; C 217/55/9/29, 20 January 1725, Affidavit of Matthew Wright.
126.
TNA, C 217/55/9/25, 19 January 1725, Affidavit of George Bloodworth.
127.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement’, p. 766. He applied similar methods to the King—Macalpine and Hunter, George III and the Mad Business, pp. 53–4.
128.
Surrey History Centre, QS 5/5/3, 1, 28 October 1807, 9 September 1808, 3 January 1809.
129.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 18–19, 27, 32, 80–1, 145–6, 167, 174, 192; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 2, 6.
130.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 43–4, 47–8.
131.
Ibid., pp. 49–50.
132.
Ibid., pp. 122, 125–6.
133.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 44, 52.
134.
Ibid., p. 44.
135.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 49, 125–6.
136.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), pp. 47, 102.
137.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, p. 14.
138.
W.C. Ellis, A Letter to Thomas Thompson, Esq., M.P. (Hull: Topping and Dawson, 1815), p. 19.
139.
Fallowes, The Best Method of Cure, p. 18.
140.
Porter, ‘Was There a Moral Therapy?’; Alexander Walk, ‘Some Aspects of the “Moral Treatment” of the Insane Up to 1854’, Journal of Mental Science 100, October 1954, 807–37—‘Read at a meeting of the Section of Psychiatry of the Royal Society of Medicine, 6 February 1954’.
141.
Walk, ‘Some Aspects of the “Moral Treatment”’, pp. 808–9. Joseph Mason Cox referred to ‘moral management’ in 1804—Practical Observations, p. 44.
142.
Battie, A Treatise, p. 68.
143.
Monro, Remarks, pp. 36, 40.
144.
Perfect, Annals of Insanity, pp. 376–7.
145.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 42.
146.
Bakewell, The Domestic Guide (1805), pp. 38–54.
147.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 46, 51.
148.
Battie, A Treatise, pp. 68–9, 93.
149.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 40, 43.
150.
Staffordshire Advertiser, 19 June 1813.
151.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement’, p. 764.
152.
Ibid., pp. 766–8.
153.
Frederick Reynolds, The Life and Times of Frederick Reynolds. Written by Himself (London: Henry Colburn, 1827), Vol. II, p. 23.
154.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement’, p. 770.
155.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), p. 17.
156.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 43.
157.
Cox (1804), p. 52.
158.
Cox (1804), p. 105; (1806), p. 140.
159.
Crawley, ‘On Madness’.
160.
Magdalen College Archives, MC: PR 30/1/C2/6, fo. 11, 12 March 1796, Arnold to Routh.
161.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, pp. 37, 40, 42.
162.
Shropshire Archives—938/596, 29 July 1777, Proud to Penbury; 938/598, 11 August 1777, Proud to Penbury; 938/600, 17 August 1777, Penbury to Penbury.
163.
Southcomb, Peace of Mind and Health of Body, pp. 56–7.
164.
An Extract From the Rev. Mr John Wesley’s Journal, From August 9, 1779, to August 26, 1782, XIX, p. 70; Idem, From June 29, 1786, to Oct. 24, 1790, XXI, p. 172.
165.
The Affecting History of Louisa, The Wandering Maniac, or “Lady of the Haystack” (London: A. Neil, 1804), p. 13.
166.
Faulkner, Observations on the General and Improper Treatment, p. 23.
167.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement’, p. 771.
168.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), p. 45.
169.
Greene, Reminiscences of the Rev. Robert Hall, pp. 58–9.
170.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, p. 38.
171.
Bakewell, A Letter, pp. 36, 55–6.
172.
Hodgkin, Women, Madness and Sin, pp. 189–90, 192–3, 196–7.
173.
Hallett, The Life of the Rev. Mr Geo. Trosse, pp. 58, 76; Katharine Hodgkin, Madness in Seventeenth-Century Autobiography (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 107–9, 172.
174.
William Cowper, Memoir of the Early Life of William Cowper, Esq. Written By Himself (London: R. Edwards, 1816), pp. 72, 79–82.
175.
William Hayley, The Life and Letters of William Cowper, Esq. With Remarks on Epistolatory Writers (London: J. Johnson and Co., 1812), p. 111, 4 July 1765, Cowper to Lady Hesketh.
176.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement’, pp. 764, 771.
177.
London Chronicle, 27–30 December 1788; Morning Herald, 29 January 1789.
178.
Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 46–8.
179.
D.R. Phillips and H. Temple Phillips (eds), ‘An Eighteenth Century Gloucestershire Diary. The Journal of Dr Joseph Mason, Proprietor of the Fishponds Private Lunatic Asylum, April–December 1763’ (Bristol, 1972; unpublished, copy in Bristol Archives, 39801/X/8), 18 October 1763.
180.
Hodgkin, Women, Madness and Sin, pp. 198–9.
181.
Hallett, The Life of the Rev. Mr Geo. Trosse, pp. 61, 71.
182.
Cruden, The London-Citizen, pp. 11, 14; Cruden, The Adventures, pp. 14, 20, 23.
183.
See Chaps. 3 and 4.
184.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 52; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 36–7.
185.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 126
186.
British Library, Additional MSS, 38,257, Liverpool Papers, Vol. LXVIII, fo. 96, 12 April 1814; Bakewell, A Letter, pp. 54–5.
187.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 52.
188.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 21.
189.
Reynolds, Life and Times, Vol. II, p. 154; Porter, Manacles, p. 10.
190.
Arnold, Observations on the Management, pp. 43–4; Cox, Practical Observations (1806), pp. 59, 74–7.
191.
Gloucestershire Archives, Q/AL 39, 11 October 1816.
192.
Leonard Smith, ‘“God Grant it May Do Good Two All”: the Madhouse Practice of Joseph Mason, 1738–79’, History of Psychiatry 27, 2016, 208–19, pp. 211–14.
193.
Shropshire Archives, 938/600, 17 August 1777, 938/643, 12 December 1788; Cruden, The Adventures, pp. 11–12, 21.
194.
Sarah Burton, A Double Life: A Biography of Charles and Mary Lamb (London: Viking, 2003), pp. 107–8; Susan Tyler Hitchcock, Mad Mary Lamb; Lunacy and Murder in Literary London (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 2005), pp. 58–9; Porter, Manacles, p. 147.
195.
‘Détails Sur L’Établissement’, p. 763; Reynolds, Life and Times, Vol. II, pp. 154–5; London Chronicle, 27–30 December 1788; Morning Herald, 29 January 1789; ‘Doctor Willis at Home’, in Adrian Bury (ed), Rowlandson Drawings (London: Avalon Press, 1949), no. 22, p. 83.
196.
Bakewell, A Letter, pp. 54–8; L.D. Smith, ‘To Cure Those Afflicted With the Disease of Insanity: Thomas Bakewell and Spring Vale Asylum’, History of Psychiatry 4, 1993, 107–27, pp. 119–26.
197.
Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 125–7, 151–2.
198.
BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 27, 31, 52, 76, 167, 174, 193.
199.
BPP 1816, Vol. VI, p. 53.
200.
‘Brislington House. An Asylum for Lunatics’, p. 2; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 21.
201.
Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 42, 167–8, 192–4; Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions, pp. 150–1.
202.
Cox, Practical Observations (1804), p. 102; Dickson, ‘Rotation Therapy for Maniacs’, p. 28.

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Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
Leonard Smith

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Smith, L. (2020). Therapeutics of the Madhouse. In: Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815. Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_7

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_7
Published: 19 June 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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