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An Expanding Madhouse Network, 1775–1815

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Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815

Part of the book series: Mental Health in Historical Perspective ((MHHP))

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Abstract

This chapter opens with consideration of the regulatory legislation of 1774, which Smith argues was more influential than has hitherto been acknowledged by historians. Its implementation initiated a period of accelerated growth in the private madhouse sector, both in the London area and in the provinces, which was sustained through to 1815. In London the numbers of madhouses almost doubled. Two particular proprietors, Thomas Warburton and Sir Jonathan Miles, constructed huge business empires, each accommodating several hundred patients, many of whom were parish paupers. Smith demonstrates a similar expansion in the numbers and geographical dispersal of provincial madhouses. Some large houses were established, and a greater social diversity of patients was apparent.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Leonard Smith, Lunatic Hospitals in Georgian England, 1750–1830 (London and New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 17–18, 31–41.

  2. 2.

    Kathleen Jones, A History of the Mental Health Services (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 54–62; Leonard D. Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’: Public Lunatic Asylums in Early Nineteenth-Century England (London: Leicester University Press, 1999), pp. 20–36.

  3. 3.

    14 Geo. III, Cap.49, ‘An Act for Regulating Madhouses’, p. 1091, Preamble.

  4. 4.

    Jones, A History of the Mental Health Services, pp. 31–3; Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine, Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 451–6; William L. Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 9–12; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 152–4; MacKenzie, Psychiatry for the Rich, pp. 9–10; Jonathan Andrews and Andrew Scull, Undertaker of the Mind: John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2001), pp. 159–60.

  5. 5.

    Porter, Manacles, p. 152.

  6. 6.

    Andrews and Scull, Undertaker of the Mind, p. 159.

  7. 7.

    ‘An Act for Regulating Madhouses’, pp. 1092–7, 1101–2. The London area comprised the City, Westminster, a surrounding seven mile area, and the county of Middlesex.

  8. 8.

    Ibid, pp. 1100, 1103.

  9. 9.

    Ibid, p. 1104.

  10. 10.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals in Georgian England, pp. 9, 50–55.

  11. 11.

    ‘An Act for Regulating Madhouses’, p. 1092. This steep penalty for ‘confining lunatics, without a licence’ was well publicised—e.g. Middlesex Journal, and Evening Advertiser, 22 September 1774; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 5/1/20.

  12. 12.

    ‘An Act for Regulating Madhouses’, pp. 1100, 1103.

  13. 13.

    Ibid, p. 1096. Drs William Battie, John Monro and Samuel Foart Simmons all had financial connections with madhouses and were excluded from acting as commissioners.

  14. 14.

    Ibid, p. 1103; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 5/1/20.

  15. 15.

    Ibid, p. 1104.

  16. 16.

    Ibid, pp. 1104–5.

  17. 17.

    Richard Powell, M.D., ‘Observations Upon the Comparative Prevalence of Insanity, At Different Periods’, in Medical Transactions, Published by the College of Physicians in London, Volume the Fourth (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1813), 131–60.

  18. 18.

    Powell, ‘Observations Upon the Comparative Prevalence’, pp. 140–51; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 452–4; Jones, A History of the Mental Health Services, pp. 32–3; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 10, 14, 50. In 1813, Mary Foulkes was successfully prosecuted by the College of Physicians for keeping an unlicensed private madhouse ‘for ladies’ in Hoxton, and fined £500 (equivalent to about £23,000). She was evidently acting as agent for Thomas Dunston, steward of St Luke’s Hospital—Derby Mercury, 17 June 1813; Oxford University and City Herald, 19 June 1813.

  19. 19.

    Powell, ‘Observations Upon the Comparative Prevalence’, p. 154; William Munk, The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians, Vol. 2, 1701–1800 (London: Royal College of Physicians, 1878), p. 456.

  20. 20.

    British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) 1807, Vol. II, Report of Select Committee (SC) on Criminal and Pauper Lunatics.

  21. 21.

    Ibid, pp. 6, 17–18.

  22. 22.

    For fuller consideration of the 1807 Select Committee and 1808 Act, see Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 21–6; 48 Geo. III, Cap. 96, ‘An Act for the Better Maintenance of Lunatics, Being Paupers or Criminals in England’.

  23. 23.

    ‘An Act for the Better Maintenance’, Section XVII.

  24. 24.

    Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 27, 29.

  25. 25.

    Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 25–30. The Nottingham asylum (1812) was the first joint asylum, followed by Staffordshire (1818), Cornwall (1820) and Gloucestershire (1823).

  26. 26.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, SC on Madhouses in England.

  27. 27.

    BPP 1816, Vol. VI, SC on Madhouses in England.

  28. 28.

    Jones, A History of the Mental Health Services, pp. 64–86; Andrew Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900 (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 110–22.

  29. 29.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 17–20, 25–32, 76–82, 107–14, 145–8, 166–75, 181–2, 189–93; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 1–23, 36.

  30. 30.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 21–2, 43–52, 121–6; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 36–7, 44–6, 51–5.

  31. 31.

    Royal College of Physicians Archives (RCP), MS 2104, 19 October 1775.

  32. 32.

    RCP, MS 2104, 1815–16; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165. In 1816 there were 40 houses and 26 proprietors.

  33. 33.

    RCP, MS 2104. The records are reasonably full for the years 1774–8, 1803 and 1805–8. In most other years, the returns only state proprietors, whether licences are for ten or more patients, and the number of licences each held.

  34. 34.

    About ten people who took out licences after 1780, for undetermined locations, had gone before 1803. At least six new names, with unidentifiable locations, received licences between 1809 and 1815.

  35. 35.

    Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 27 July, 13 August 1779; St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 29 July 1790; Public Advertiser, 21 January 1780; Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, 26 April 1780; William Hawkes (ed.), The Diaries of Sanderson Miller of Radway (Stratford-upon-Avon: Dugdale Society, XLI, 2005), pp. 40–3, 46, 329. Miller had earlier been a patient of Francis Willis at Dunston.

  36. 36.

    MS 2104, 20 October 1780, 1786–7, 1796–7.

  37. 37.

    MS 2104, 19 October 1775, 1796–7.

  38. 38.

    MS 2104, 1785; Benjamin Faulkner, Observations on the General and Improper Treatment of Insanity: With a Plan for the More Speedy and Effectual Recovery of Insane Persons (London: H. Reynell, 1790). See also Chap. 5.

  39. 39.

    MS 2104, 1798–9, 1806–7, 1815–16; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165. Elizabeth Radford was still proprietor in 1815.

  40. 40.

    MS 2104, 1787, 1813–14; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 17, 165. Edward Wakefield noted that the house was dirty and accommodated four ‘idiots’.

  41. 41.

    MS 2104, 1785, 1791, 1801, 1805, 1815–16; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165.

  42. 42.

    MS 2104, 1813–16; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 137, 165.

  43. 43.

    MS 2104, 1815–16; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 12, 92; Akihito Suzuki, Madness at Home: The Psychiatrist, The Patient, and the Family in England, 1820–1860 (London and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006), pp. 43–62.

  44. 44.

    MS 2104, 1794–1800, 1803.

  45. 45.

    Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 25 March, 1 April 1802; Morning Post, 29 April 1802, 24 August 1803; Ipswich Journal, 26 February 1803; Chester Chronicle, 4 March 1803; Stamford Mercury, 4 March 1803.

  46. 46.

    MS 2104, 1812–16; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165. Ann Pope was possibly linked to the Mr. Pope who established the house.

  47. 47.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 17.

  48. 48.

    MS 2104, 1805–6, 1815; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 17, 165.

  49. 49.

    Monthly Magazine 35, 1 June 1813, 385–7; Report of the Committee Who Have Undertaken to Make Enquiry Into, and Ascertain the Extent of, the Process Practised by Messrs Delahoyde and Lucett for the Relief of Persons Afflicted With Insanity (London: W. Bulmer, 1813); Morning Post, 24 September 1813.

  50. 50.

    Sheffield City Archives, Fitzwilliam MSS, WWM/F/64/190, ‘Plan of a Committee to inquire into the extent of the process practised by Messrs. Delahoyde and Lucett, for the relief of persons afflicted with insanity, and to provide the means of defraying the expense of such enquiry’; Report of the Committee, pp. 3–4, 6, 18–19; Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Review 10, April 1814, 250–2; RCP Archives, MS 2104, 1813–15; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 192–3; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 326. See also Chap. 6.

  51. 51.

    Morning Post, 5 July, 21 December 1814, 4 March, 28 October 1815; Dublin Evening Post, 28 September, 5 October 1816.

  52. 52.

    MS 2104, 29 October 1774, 16 October 1776, 1777, 1778.

  53. 53.

    MS 2104, 1797, 1803; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165.

  54. 54.

    MS 2104, 1813; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165.

  55. 55.

    MS 2104, 1782–3; Daily Advertiser, 12, 14 February 1783.

  56. 56.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals in Georgian England, p. 63; C.N. French, The Story of St Luke’s Hospital 1750–1948 (London: William Heinemann, 1951), pp. 23–4; London Metropolitan Archives, St Luke’s Hospital, General Committee Book, 6 February, 6 March 1782. The Pearson s were in post at St Luke’s from 1781–2.

  57. 57.

    MS 2104, 1777–9.

  58. 58.

    Morning Chronicle, 5, 12 October 1795, 13 January 1796.

  59. 59.

    MS 2104, 1812–15; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165.

  60. 60.

    MS 2104, 1798–1816; Morning Chronicle, 20 February 1812; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 20, 165.

  61. 61.

    Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 201; Andrews and Scull, Undertaker of the Mind, p. 186; MS 2104, 26 October 1774, 16 October 1776, 1802–3, 1815–16; Berkshire County Record Office (CRO), D/EX/266/2/2, ‘Dr Batties Executors Account of the Real & Personal Estate’, pp. 16–19.

  62. 62.

    Andrews and Scull, Undertaker, pp. 261–3; MS 2104, 1777–91.

  63. 63.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 79–80, 99.

  64. 64.

    MS 2104, 1790, 1799; Charles Lamb to Samuel Coleridge, 3 October 1796, in E.V. Lucas (ed), The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb, Vol. VI, Letters 1796–1820 (London: Methuen, 1905), p45.

  65. 65.

    Richard Brothers, Wrote in Confinement. An Exposition of the trinity. With a Farther Elucidation of the Twelfth Chapter of Daniel: One Letter to the King: and Two to Mr Pitt, &c. By Richard Brothers, the Descendant of David, King of Israel, Who Will be Revealed to the Hebrews as Their Prince, Deliverer and King (London, 1796), p. 57. Brothers subsequently referred to the ‘Islington Mad-House’—Richard Brothers, A Letter From Mr Brothers to Miss Cott, the Recorded Daughter of David, and Future Queen of the Hebrews, With an Address to the members of His Brittanic Majesty’s Council, and Through Them to All Governments and People on Earth (London: G. Riebau, 1798), p. 101.

  66. 66.

    MS 2104, 1807–13; French, The Story of St Luke’s, pp. 23, 42, 121; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 137, 165. Blacklands was also not licensed in Sutherland’s name.

  67. 67.

    MS 2104, 16 October 1776.

  68. 68.

    Gentleman’s Magazine 58, Part 2, 1788, p. 958.

  69. 69.

    MS 2104, 1790–1. Mrs. Harrison retained one house, which passed to her son Robert in 1791.

  70. 70.

    MS 2104, 1800–15; Arthur Morris, The Hoxton Madhouses (March, Cambridgeshire: Goodwin Bros, 1958).

  71. 71.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 78, 171; Morris, The Hoxton Madhouses.

  72. 72.

    Morris, The Hoxton Madhouses. Morris claims that Warburton ‘gained the good graces’ of the ‘mistress’ of the house, marrying her after she became widowed.

  73. 73.

    MS 2104, 1791. This was probably for Whitmore House.

  74. 74.

    MS 2104, 1800; A.J. Robinson and D.H.B. Chesshyre, The Green: A History of the Heart of Bethnal Green and the Legend of the Blind Beggar (London Borough of Tower Hamlets, 1986 edition), p. 13.

  75. 75.

    MS 2104, 1803–15. These evidently included the house in Hackney formerly kept by Stratton.

  76. 76.

    These probably included George Turney, who held licences for at least two houses in Bethnal Green from 1800–4, see MS 2104, 1800–5.

  77. 77.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165. Presumably ‘Bethnal House’ was formerly the Red House.

  78. 78.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 80–1; Elaine Murphy, ‘Mad Farming in the Metropolis. Part 1: A Significant Service Industry in East London’, History of Psychiatry 12, 2001, 245–82, pp. 248–50.

  79. 79.

    MS 2104, 1774–99.

  80. 80.

    John Townley, ‘Bethnal Green Madhouse in the Eighteenth Century’ (Unpublished, 2014: copy in Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives); TNA, HO 42/17/12, fos. 21–2, 24 and 28 September 1790—these documents refer to a patient in ‘Mrs Borman’s madhouse’; Gentleman’s Magazine 68, 1790, p. 858.

  81. 81.

    Murphy, ‘Mad Farming’, p. 250; Robinson and Chesshyre, The Green, p. 13. Faux held two licences from 1790–1802 (MS 2104), though these could have been on Stratton’s behalf.

  82. 82.

    MS 2104, 1794–1815; Morris, The Hoxton Madhouses. George W. Burrow should not be confused with Dr. George Man Burrows who received a licence in 1816 for his Chelsea house.

  83. 83.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 165, 170.

  84. 84.

    Julian Hoppit, Risk and Failure in English Business 1700–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 42–55, 59–63.

  85. 85.

    MS 2104, 1775–7. Land tax returns show that Clarke briefly held three houses—THA, L/MBG/C/1/12, 1777.

  86. 86.

    MS 2104, 1806–12. Jane Craven appears to have become Jane Parkinson.

  87. 87.

    MS 2104, 1800–03.

  88. 88.

    MS 2104, 1774–1815; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 19.

  89. 89.

    MS 2104, 1791–1811; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 526.

  90. 90.

    Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 31 October, 1 November 1783, 13 February 1784; MS 2104, 1783–4.

  91. 91.

    Chelmsford Chronicle, 8 October 1784.

  92. 92.

    Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 12 May 1785.

  93. 93.

    MS 2104, 1785–6, 1791.

  94. 94.

    MS 2104, 1798–1815; Morning Post, 21 December 1804, 5 January 1805; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165.

  95. 95.

    MS 2104, 1813–16; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165; Morning Chronicle, 28 April 1813, 9 August 1815; Morning Post, 1 May 1813. For Matthews, see Porter, Manacles, pp. 236–40.

  96. 96.

    MS 2104, 1814–16; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 79. Wallett subsequently superintended Bethlem Hospital and the Suffolk County Lunatic Asylum—Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, p. 35.

  97. 97.

    Morning Post, 4, 26 July 1814.

  98. 98.

    MS 2104, 1813–15; Elias Tardy, ‘Treatment of Insanity by Messrs Tardy and Lucett’, Medical and Physical Journal 30, August 1813, 124–8; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 165.

  99. 99.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 29–31; Chris Philo, A Geographical History of Institutional Provision for the Insane From Medieval Times to the 1860s in England and Wales: The Space Reserved for Insanity (Lampeter and New York: Edwin Mellen, 2004), pp. 319–21.

  100. 100.

    For the Country Register c1801–1812, see National Archives (TNA), MH 51/735, ‘Country Register, 1798’. For summary extracts, see BPP 1807, Vol. II, Select Committee on the State of Criminal and Pauper Lunatics, Appendix 7, p. 26; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166. The provincial magistrates’ returns are not in the Royal College of Physicians archives. One madhouse not included in the official figures, at Lichfield, was licensed by the city magistrates from 1779 onwards—Lichfield Joint Record Office, D 25/3/3, ‘City of Lichfield: Reports as to Houses for the Reception of Lunatics’, 1779–1828; Derby Mercury, 7 January 1780.

  101. 101.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166.

  102. 102.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 40–1.

  103. 103.

    Leonard Smith, ‘Lunatic Asylum in the Workhouse: St Peter’s Hospital, Bristol, 1698–1861’, Medical History 61 (2), April 2017, 225–45.

  104. 104.

    Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 23 October 1779; Gloucester Journal, 29 November 1779.

  105. 105.

    Gloucester Journal, 19, 26 November 1781.

  106. 106.

    Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 23, 30 August, 6 September 1788; H. Temple Phillips, ‘The History of the Old Private Lunatic Asylum at Fishponds, Bristol 1740–1859’ (University of Bristol, M.Sc Dissertation, 1973), pp. 62–6.

  107. 107.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 91–2,

  108. 108.

    Gloucestershire Archives, Q/SR 1794/4c, 14 July 1794.

  109. 109.

    Gloucester Journal, 11, 18, 25 April 1796; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 14 April 1796; The Star, 2 May 1796.

  110. 110.

    TNA, MH 51/735, Country Register, pp. 16–18.

  111. 111.

    Gloucestershire Archives, Q/AL 39, 16 July 1815.

  112. 112.

    James Sambrook, ‘Henderson, John (1757–1788), Student and Eccentric’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxye.bham.ac.uk/view/article/12911, accessed 7/12/18; An Extract From the Rev. Mr John Wesley’s Journal, From August 9, 1779, to August 26, 1782, XIX (London: J. Paramore, 1786), p. 70; Idem, From Sept. 4, 1782, to June 28, 1786, XX (London: For the Author, 1789), p. 42; Idem, From June 29, 1786, to Oct. 24, 1790, XXI (London: G. Paramore, 1791), pp. 126, 140.

  113. 113.

    Bath Chronicle, 11 January 1787; Anne Stott, Hannah More: The First Victorian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 55–7. For ‘The Lady of the Haystack’, see Chap. 4.

  114. 114.

    Joseph Cottle, Early Recollections: Chiefly Relating to the Late Samuel Taylor Coleridge, During His Long Residence in Bristol (London: Longman, Rees & Co. and Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1837), Vol. II, pp. 313–5; Nicholas Roe, English Romantic Writers and the West Country (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 70, 81–2.

  115. 115.

    Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 27 August, 3, 10, 17 September 1789; Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 29 August, 5 September 1789.

  116. 116.

    Sambrook, ‘Henderson, John’; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 22 March 1792.

  117. 117.

    Gloucestershire Archives, Q/SR 1794/3c. The visiting magistrate and physician mistakenly referred to him as Dr Charles James Fox!

  118. 118.

    G. Monro Smith, M.D., A History of the Bristol Royal Infirmary (Bristol: J.W. Arrowsmith, 1917), pp. 140, 176, 474. For fuller consideration of Fox, see Leonard Smith, ‘A Gentleman’s Mad-Doctor in Georgian England: Edward Long Fox and Brislington House’, History of Psychiatry 19 (2), June 2008, 163–84.

  119. 119.

    Gloucestershire Archives, Q/SR 1794/3c.

  120. 120.

    The Star, 20 July 1795; Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 25 July, 1, 8 August 1795; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 23 July, 6 August 1795; Gloucester Journal, 3 August 1795.

  121. 121.

    Somerset Heritage Centre, T/PH/fx 1, 27 November 1795, Fox to Pulteney.

  122. 122.

    Smith, ‘A Gentleman’s Mad-Doctor’, pp. 168–71; Somerset Heritage Centre, DD/TD/13, ‘An Account of the Establishment of an Asylum for Lunatics, Lately Erected Near Bristol, by Edw. Long Fox, M.D’ (London: S. Couchman, c1806); G. Cumberland, ‘Mr Cumberland’s Account of Dr Fox’s Asylum for Lunatics, at Brislington, near Bristol’, The Weekly Entertainer, or Agreeable and Instructive Repository, 31 May 1813, 421–5; Journal of the House of Lords, Vol. 60, 1828, p. 710.

  123. 123.

    Robert Reid, Observations on the Structure of Hospitals for the Treatment of Lunatics and on the General Principles on Which the Cure of Insanity May Be Most Successfully Conducted (Edinburgh: James Ballantyne, 1809)—this reproduced Fox’s 1806 pamphlet, pp. 71–7; Nottinghamshire Archives, SO/HO/1/1/1, 22 March, 5, 29 April, 24 May, 12 July 1809; .

  124. 124.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 21–2.

  125. 125.

    Hampshire Chronicle, 19 June, 3 July 1780; Salisbury and Winchester Journal (SWJ), 19, 26 June, 3, 24 July 1780, 13 August, 17 December 1781; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 22, 29 June, 6, 27 July, 3 August 1780; Reading Mercury, 26 June, 3 July, 7, 14 August 1780.

  126. 126.

    SWJ, 20 March 1786. See Chap. 2.

  127. 127.

    St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 7 September 1797.

  128. 128.

    SWJ, 21 January, 22 July, 5, 12 August 1799; Reading Mercury, 14, 21 January, 9, 16 September 1799; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 24 January 1799.

  129. 129.

    SWJ, 1, 8, 15 June 1801.

  130. 130.

    SWJ, 22, 29 June, 6, 13, 20 July, 3 August 1807; Hampshire Chronicle, 6, 13 July 1807; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 2 July 1807; Morning Post, 18 July 1807.

  131. 131.

    SWJ, 25 June 1810; Hampshire Telegraph, 25 June, 2 July 1810.

  132. 132.

    SWJ, 1, 8 October 1810.

  133. 133.

    SWJ, 7, 14 October 1811, 29 August, 12 September 1814.

  134. 134.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 22, 50; Hampshire Telegraph, 17 April 1815.

  135. 135.

    Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, A1/150/21, 3 October 1775. Jefferys died in May 1797—ancestry.co.uk, accessed 11/7/17.

  136. 136.

    BPP 1807, Vol. II, p. 26; MH 51/735, pp. 46–8.

  137. 137.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 21, 166.

  138. 138.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 43–8. For conditions in the Wiltshire madhouses see Chap. 8.

  139. 139.

    MH 51/735, p. 20.

  140. 140.

    Dorset History Centre, QSM 1/10, 28 September 1776—ancestry.co.uk, accessed 17/7/17. Mercer was a surgeon-apothecary—The Medical Register for the Year 1783 (London: Joseph Johnson, 1783), p. 54.

  141. 141.

    MH 51/735, pp. 56–8.

  142. 142.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, p. 68; Devon CRO, 3992 F/H1/2, 6 May, 8, 22 July 1806.

  143. 143.

    Exeter Flying Post, 15, 22 January, 2 April, 22 October 1807, 21 April 1808; Devon CRO, 3992 F/H1/2, 21 May 1805, 18 November 1806.

  144. 144.

    Somerset Heritage Centre, Q/RLU/c6, 10 July 1809. It was not included in the Country Register.

  145. 145.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 24; Somerset Heritage Centre, Q/RLU/c6, 14 July 1817.

  146. 146.

    Somerset Heritage Centre, T/PH/phs C/2629, ‘Prospectus of the Plan of Conducting Cleve-House Retreat’, pp. 1–3.

  147. 147.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 98, note 1; Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, p. 60.

  148. 148.

    Hampshire Chronicle, 13, 20 April 1807; Salisbury and Winchester Journal, 6, 13 July 1807.

  149. 149.

    Hampshire Chronicle, 6, 20, 27 June 1808.

  150. 150.

    MH 51/735, p. 130.

  151. 151.

    Hampshire Chronicle, 30 May, 6, 27 June, 11 July 1814; Hampshire Telegraph, 16 May 1814; Sussex Advertiser, 23 May, 6, 20 June, 4, 18 July 1814.

  152. 152.

    Hampshire Chronicle, 2 January 1815; SWJ, 2 January, 1, 8 May 1815; Hampshire Archives, 42 M75/PO12/1, 17 January 1815, Finch to Bartlett.

  153. 153.

    Oxford Journal, 2 October 1813.

  154. 154.

    Surrey History Centre, QS 5/5/3, 3 October 1775, 12 September 1780, 6 August, 8 October 1793.

  155. 155.

    Surrey History Centre, QS 5/5/3, 23 May 1798—31 May 1813; MH 51/735, p. 86.

  156. 156.

    QS 5/5/3, 4 September 1775—31 May 1813; QS 5/5/4, 21 March 1815; CR, pp. 6–7, 49; Reading Mercury, 17, 24 February, 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 March, 7 April 1800.

  157. 157.

    Kent History Centre, Q/SB, 11 January 1776; General Evening Post, 7 January 1775; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 1 August 1775, 26 June 1776, 3 January 1778; St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 23 December 1775, 11, 18 May, 20 June 1776, 20, 27 December 1777; Public Advertiser, 4 February 1775; London Evening Post, 25 January 1777; London Chronicle, 2 January 1778; Lloyd’s Evening Post, 5 June 1778; Kentish Gazette, 13 September, 14 October, 11 November 1775, 7 August 1776; Oxford Journal, 1 June 1776.

  158. 158.

    Daily Advertiser, 25 September 1778; Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 11 November 1779; Public Ledger, 1 December 1779; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 17 February 1781.

  159. 159.

    Kent History Centre, Q/AIp/1, ‘Madhouse Report Book’, 3 May 1783; Black, An 18th Century Mad-Doctor, p. 64; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 13 October, 13 December 1784; Morning Herald and Daily Advertiser, 8 November 1784; General Evening Post, 9 December 1784; World and Fashionable Advertiser, 23 May 1787.

  160. 160.

    General Evening Post, 19 March, 23 April 1791; Lloyd’s Evening Post, 25 April 1791; Norfolk Chronicle, 2, 9 April 1791; Oracle, 21 October 1791; Public Advertiser, 24 October 1791; Morning Chronicle, 17 March 1792, 3 April, 31 August 1793, 14 April 1802; Oxford Journal, 1, 8, 15 December 1792; True Briton, 18 August 1795, 13 January 1796, 8 August 1799; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette,16 July, 13 August, 3 September 1801; Morning Post, 29 April, 16 June, 16 September, 15 November 1802; Shirley Burgoyne Black, An 18th Century Mad-Doctor: William Perfect of West Malling (Sevenoaks: Darenth Valley Publications, 1995), p. 64.

  161. 161.

    Black, An 18th Century Mad-Doctor, pp. 15, 69–70.

  162. 162.

    MH 51/735, pp. 70–2.

  163. 163.

    Morning Chronicle, 4 May, 14, 21 November, 5 December 1792; Morning Herald, 19 May, 8, 19 December 1792; General Evening Post, 24 May 1792; St James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 4 July 1793; Mackenzie, Psychiatry for the Rich, pp. 37–40. Samuel Newington had been well-established for some years as a surgeon-apo

    thecary in Ticehurst—Medical Register for the Year 1779 (London: J. Murray, 1779), p. 136.

  164. 164.

    MH 51/735, pp. 62–4; Mackenzie, Psychiatry for the Rich, pp. 40–1, 65–76.

  165. 165.

    Bedfordshire Archives, X 125/13, 17 January 1775—6 November 1789

  166. 166.

    Hertfordshire Archives, SBR/949, Liberty & Boro’ of St Alban, Reports of the Visiting Magistrates & Physicians Appointed to Inspect Houses for the Reception of Lunatics, 24 September 1792, 19 September 1798, 18 September 1811, 13 August 1813; Gary Moyle, ‘Madhouses of Hertfordshire 1735–1903′, in Steve King and Gillian Gear (eds), A Caring County? Social Welfare in Hertfordshire From 1600 (Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2013), 69–98, p. 74; MH 51/735, p. 75; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166.

  167. 167.

    Hertfordshire Archives, SBR/949, 11 July 1814, 11 April 1816; LS/B/2, 18 July 1799; Moyle, ‘Madhouses of Hertfordshire’, pp. 76, 82–3; Philo, A Geographical History, p. 330.

  168. 168.

    Morning Post, 9 June 1803; MH 51/735, pp. 106–7; Moyle, ‘Madhouses’, p. 77.

  169. 169.

    Moyle, ‘Madhouses of Hertfordshire’, pp. 75–6. In 1778 an elderly, lame, one-eyed lunatic escaped from Thomas Baldwin’s madhouse at Cheshunt—‘he went away without any Hat, has a Lock on his Leg, with a Chain to it, which he found Means to break, wears a white Wig’—Daily Advertiser, 10 October 1778.

  170. 170.

    Essex Record Office, Q/AIp 1, 3 October 1780; Q/RZ 2, 5 March 1781, 13 July 1790, 4 September 1798. Moyle suggests that Baldwin retained the same house, in a locality subject to county boundary disputes—‘Madhouses of Hertfordshire’, p. 76.

  171. 171.

    Stamford Mercury, 6 March 1789; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 12, 19 March 1789; Norfolk CRO, MC 687/35; The Medical Register for the Year 1783, p. 90.

  172. 172.

    MH 51/735, p. 77.

  173. 173.

    Norfolk Chronicle, 7, 21, 28 October 1797.

  174. 174.

    World, 21 March 1788; Norfolk Chronicle, 14, 21, 28 October 1797.

  175. 175.

    Ipswich Journal, 7, 14, 21 March, 4, 11, 18, 25 April, 2, 9, 16, 23 May, 18 July 1801; Bury and Norwich Post, 13 May, 22 July 1801.

  176. 176.

    Ipswich Journal, 14, 21, 28 May 1803; Bury and Norwich Post, 14 August—4 September 1805. .

  177. 177.

    BPP 1807, Vol. II, p. 13, Appendix 2 and 3.

  178. 178.

    MH 51/735, pp. 112–4. These figures probably excluded paupers.

  179. 179.

    MH 51/735, p. 94.

  180. 180.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 37–9.

  181. 181.

    Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 27–8.

  182. 182.

    Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter, George III and the Mad-Business (London: Allen Lane, 1969), pp. 52–3, 88–96; Leonard Smith and Timothy Peters, ‘Introduction’ to Classic Text no. 111, ‘“Details on the Establishment of Doctor Willis, for the Cure of Lunatics” (1796)’, History of Psychiatry 28 (3), 2017, 365–72; Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, 19 December 1788; Whitehall Evening Post, 24 March 1789; Stamford Mercury, 20 March 1789; Bath Chronicle, 2 April 1789; Leeds Intelligencer, 9 June 1789.

  183. 183.

    Lincolnshire Archives, KQS A/2/368/19, 9 October 1805. Shillingthorpe was near Greatford.

  184. 184.

    MH 51/735, pp. 89–90. According to Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 76, Shillingthorpe opened around 1816.

  185. 185.

    Stamford Mercury, 31 December 1802, 14 January 1803, 20, 27 July 1804, 15 November 1805; MH 51/735, pp. 98–9.

  186. 186.

    Stamford Mercury, 7 December 1804.

  187. 187.

    MH 51/735, p. 131.

  188. 188.

    Stamford Mercury, 10 February, 3, 31 March 1815.

  189. 189.

    Peter Carpenter, ‘Thomas Arnold: A Provincial Psychiatrist in Georgian England’, Medical History 33, 1989, 199–216, pp. 203–9; Leonard Smith, ‘Doctors and Lunatics: The Enigma of the Leicester Asylum, 1781–1837’, in Jonathan Reinarz (ed.), Medicine and Society in the Midlands (Birmingham: Midland History Occasional Publications, 2007), 47–60.

  190. 190.

    Leicester and Nottingham Journal, 7 May, 18 June, 10 September, 10 December 1785, 11 March, 9 December 1786,

  191. 191.

    Leicester and Nottingham Journal, 14 March, 6 June 1794. The advertisement was first inserted on 3 June 1790.

  192. 192.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 36–8.

  193. 193.

    Magdalen College, Oxford, Archives, Routh MSS, MC: PR 30/1/C2/6, fos.13–14.

  194. 194.

    MH 51/735, pp. 1–5. At some point Arnold moved the business to his suburban house at Belle Grove—Peter Carpenter, ‘The Private Lunatic Asylums of Leicestershire’, Transactions of Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society LXI, 1987, 34–42, p. 35; Leicester Journal, 1 June 1810; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 44.

  195. 195.

    Carpenter, ‘The Private Lunatic Asylums’, pp. 38–9.

  196. 196.

    MH 51/735, p. 51; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166.

  197. 197.

    Northampton Mercury, 17, 24 February 1810; Warwickshire CRO, QS 24/6/1, ‘Madhouse Act—Account’, 1805–9; QS 24/6/2, ‘Madhouse Act Register’, 15 July 1806, 5 July 1808.

  198. 198.

    Northampton Mercury, 4 April 1807, 17 December 1808, 17, 24 November 1810, 7, 14 March 1812, 24 April, 30 October 1813, 13, 20 July 1816; Leicester Journal, 20 December 1811, 28 August, 4 September 1812, 10, 17 November 1815.

  199. 199.

    MH 51/735, pp. 67, 117.

  200. 200.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 132–3, 141.

  201. 201.

    Northampton Mercury, 25 March 1809.

  202. 202.

    Oxford Journal, 4 February 1815; Parry-Jones, p. 133.

  203. 203.

    Warwickshire CRO, QS 24/6/1, ‘Madhouse Act—Account’; QS 24/6/2, ‘Madhouse Act Register’.

  204. 204.

    Warwickshire CRO, QS 24/6/1; Northampton Mercury, 19, 26 July 1794. Thomas Burman was already well-established as a surgeon in Henley-in-Arden—Medical Register for the Year 1779, p. 137.

  205. 205.

    QS 24/6/2, 30 June 1801, 3 July 1811, 28 June 1815.

  206. 206.

    MH 51/735, pp. 59–61.

  207. 207.

    Warwickshire CRO, QS 24/6/1–2; Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 3, 10 March 1800. Some of Mrs. Gibbs’s patients were previously with Mrs Roadknight.

  208. 208.

    MH 51/735, p. 116; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166; Medical Register for the Year 1779, p. 138.

  209. 209.

    Warwickshire CRO, QS 24/6/1, 1805–9; QS 24/6/2, 15 July 1806, 5 July 1808; Northampton Mercury, 20 November 1802, 4 June 1803. Blunt evidently operated without a licence for at least three years.

  210. 210.

    QS 24/6/1, 24/6/2, 29 June 1814, 6 June 1815; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166.

  211. 211.

    Lichfield Joint RO, D 25/3/3, 29 December 1779; Derby Mercury, 7 January, 31 December 1780. The visiting physician was Dr Erasmus Darwin.

  212. 212.

    D 25/3/3, 21 February 1788. The licence was only for ten patients.

  213. 213.

    D 25/3/3, 2 June 1808, 20 August 1814.

  214. 214.

    Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 9 October 1797.

  215. 215.

    L.D. Smith, ‘To Cure Those Afflicted With the Disease of Insanity: Thomas Bakewell and Spring Vale Asylum’, History of Psychiatry 4, 1993, 107–27, pp. 109–13; Imperial Magazine, May 1823, col.436; Staffordshire Advertiser, 5, 19, 26 November 1808; Staffordshire CRO, Q/SB 1808 M/414.

  216. 216.

    Smith, ‘To Cure Those Afflicted’, pp. 113–14; Staffordshire Archives, D 593/K/1/3/2, Bakewell to Marquis of Stafford, 7 January 1814.

  217. 217.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, pp. 121–2.

  218. 218.

    Smith, ‘To Cure Those Afflicted’, pp. 110–16; Porter, Manacles, pp. 143–4, 219–20, 274–5; Thomas Bakewell, A Letter Addressed to the Chairman of the Select Committee of the House of Commons Appointed to Enquire into the State of Mad-Houses: To Which is Subjoined Remarks on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of Mental Derangement (Newcastle: C. Chester, 1815).

  219. 219.

    Staffordshire CRO, Q/SB/1776 T/105, 11 July 1776.

  220. 220.

    Staffordshire CRO, Q/SB/1784 M/193, 2 October 1784.

  221. 221.

    Birmingham Archives, GP/B/2/1/1, Birmingham Board of Guardians Minutes, 16 August 1784, 20 June 1785; Staffordshire CRO, Q/SB/1786 M/174, 21 September 1786. In 1786 the forty patients recorded in the house excluded paupers.

  222. 222.

    L.D. Smith, ‘Eighteenth-Century Madhouse Practice: The Prouds of Bilston’, History of Psychiatry 3, 1992, 45–52, pp. 50–2.

  223. 223.

    MH 51/735, pp. 65–6. These numbers most likely did not include pauper patients.

  224. 224.

    Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 29 August 1791.

  225. 225.

    Star, 13, 14 March 1793.

  226. 226.

    Staffordshire Advertiser, 12 May 1804.

  227. 227.

    Chester Courant, 26 November 1805; Chester Chronicle, 29 November 1805; Hereford Journal, 30 October, 13 November 1811.

  228. 228.

    Shropshire Archives, PL2/2/1/2, Shrewsbury House of Industry: Book of Orders of the Guardians and Directors of the Poor of the Several Parishes, 29 May 1809, 31 August 1812, 20 May 1813. Johnson became a Director of the Poor in 1812, frequently chairing meetings.

  229. 229.

    MH 51/735, pp. 53–5, 133; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 44.

  230. 230.

    Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 7 November 1791; Berrow’s Worcester Journal, 24 November 1791.

  231. 231.

    Hereford Journal, 13, 20, 27 June 1798; Gloucester Journal, 9, 23 December 1799, 13 January 1800.

  232. 232.

    Morning Post, 17 October 1804; Cheltenham Chronicle, 3, 10, 17 August 1809.

  233. 233.

    Birmingham Archives, GP/B/2/1/2, 18 July 1815, 23 January 1816.

  234. 234.

    BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 169; BPP 1816, Vol. VI, pp. 44, 51, 55.

  235. 235.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 38–9; Herefordshire CRO, Hereford Infirmary: Governors’ Meetings, 560/25, 17 August 1815.

  236. 236.

    Hereford Journal, 23, 30 December 1801, 6 January, 10, 24 February 1802; Gloucester Journal, 25 January, 1 February 1802.

  237. 237.

    Hereford Journal, 30 July, 20 August 1806.

  238. 238.

    Herefordshire CRO, Pateshall MSS, A 95/V/Ju/11, 14 September 1804; A 95/V/Ju/19, 17 November 1804. The proprietors tried unsuccessfully to gain exemption from Window Tax, arguing that the asylum was ‘intimately connected’ with the hospital.

  239. 239.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 7–8, 21–2, 30–4.

  240. 240.

    Anne Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

  241. 241.

    Records of madhouse licences have not been located.

  242. 242.

    Chester Chronicle, 20 February 1778, 8 January 1779.

  243. 243.

    Cheshire Archives, NPA 4669/5/2, 17 December 1787.

  244. 244.

    Chester Chronicle, 27 February 1789.

  245. 245.

    Chester Chronicle, 2 January 1801; Chester Courant, 24 August 1802.

  246. 246.

    Chester Chronicle, 7 December 1798, 12 April 1799; Chester Courant, 11 December 1798; Manchester Mercury, 11 June 1799.

  247. 247.

    George Nesse Hill, An Essay on the Prevention and Cure of Insanity; With Observations on the Rules for the Detection of Pretenders to Madness (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1814), pp. 219–20, 417, 426. Hill ‘had in early life the superintendance of two houses for reception of lunatics’. However, no Chester madhouses appeared in the ‘Country Register’, possibly because the borough magistrates omitted to submit returns.

  248. 248.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP/2090/1, 15 October 1778; QSP/2190/2, 25 October 1784; QSP/2282/34, 6 October 1790.

  249. 249.

    QSP/2282/35, 6 October 1790; QSP/2370/30, 29 October 1795; QSP/2406/54, 16 July 1798.

  250. 250.

    Manchester Royal Infirmary Archives, Weekly Board, 12 March, 3 May 1790; Leeds Intelligencer, 12 April 1791. Interestingly, Edwards could not write or understand accounts.

  251. 251.

    MH 51/735, pp. 26–8.

  252. 252.

    Manchester Royal Infirmary Archives, Weekly Board, 13 July 1807; Lancashire Archives, QSP 2563/3, 16 April 1808; Manchester Mercury, 22, 27 November 1808; 20 March 1810.

  253. 253.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP/2595/17, 1 May 1810; QSP/2681/43, 21 February 1815; QSP/2712/4, 1 March 1816.

  254. 254.

    Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, p. 67; Liverpool Record Office, 614 INF 5/2, Liverpool Infirmary, Annual Report, 1794–4; Board of Governors, 21 September 1812.

  255. 255.

    L.A.F. Davidson, ‘Brandreth, Joseph (1746–1815), Physician’, in ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxye.bham.ac.uk/view/article/3271, accessed 7/12/18; Liverpool Mercury, 27 November 1812; Lancaster Gazette, 28 November 1812; Chester Chronicle, 4 December 1812.

  256. 256.

    MH 51/735, p. 136; Liverpool Record Office, 614 INF 1/2, Liverpool Infirmary Governors, 1, 19 October 1810.

  257. 257.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP/2056/14, 28 November 1776; QSP/2191/8, 6 April 1785; QSP/2340/2, 18 July 1794.

  258. 258.

    Oracle and Daily Advertiser, 17 July 1800; Leeds Intelligencer, 21 July 1800; Manchester Mercury, 22 July 1800; Lancashire Archives, WCW/Supra/C585A/7, Will of Abraham Chew, Surgeon, 24 July 1800, Codicil; QSP 2493/4, 13 January 1804. James Chew attained his M.D. at Edinburgh in 1795; I am grateful to Paul Sutcliffe for this information.

  259. 259.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP 2521/12, 24 August, 2 September 1805; QSP 2585/6, 4 October 1809; QSP 2606/4, 8 June, 29 December 1810; QSP 2617/65, 4 October 1811. Management was somewhat fluid, for in December 1810 it was described as ‘Miss Chew’s Asylum’.

  260. 260.

    MH 51/735, pp. 9–13.

  261. 261.

    Lancashire Archives, QSP 2606/3, 4 May, 29 December 1810; QSP, 2649/3, 6 October 1813; TNA, MH 51/735, p. 68. Eighteen patients were discharged from Hollingreave in the year preceding October 1813.

  262. 262.

    A 1774 newspaper report refers to a woman ‘confined several years in a private madhouse near Micklegate Bar’ in York, whose baby had been fathered by an ‘under-keeper’—London Chronicle or Universal Evening Post, 22 December 1774.

  263. 263.

    Jonathan Gray, A History of the York Lunatic Asylum (York: Hargrove and Co., 1815), pp. 14–20; Anne Digby, From York Lunatic Asylum to Bootham Park Hospital (York: University of York, Borthwick Papers, 69, 1986), pp. 9–11; Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 59–60, 97–8, 112.

  264. 264.

    York Courant, 4 November 1793; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 21 November, 5 December 1793; Stamford Mercury, 22 November 1793; Caledonian Mercury, 3, 10 February 1794; Oxford Journal, 15, 22 March 1794.

  265. 265.

    General Evening Post, 13, 16 June 1789; BPP 1814/15, Vol. IV, p. 166, 169; York City Archives, Y/ORD/5/2/1/24, Minutes of Quarter Sessions, 17 January 1812, 15 January 1813; Smith, Lunatic Hospitals, pp. 60, 72.

  266. 266.

    University of York, Borthwick Institute, RET/8/2/3; MH 51/735, p. 132. It subsequently became known as Gate Helmsley Retreat—Parry Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 60.

  267. 267.

    Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette, 3 December 1814; Leeds Mercury, 18 November 1815.

  268. 268.

    Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette, 7 May 1814; W.C. Ellis, A Letter to Thomas Thompson, Esq., M.P. (Hull: Topping and Dawson, 1815), pp. 21–3; Smith, ‘Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody’, pp. 39, 228–33.

  269. 269.

    John Wain (ed.), The Journals of James Boswell 1762–1795 (London: Mandarin, 1991), pp. 275–6; R.A. Houston, ‘Institutional Care of the Insane and Idiots in Scotland Before 1820’, Part 2, History of Psychiatry 12 (2), 2001, 177–97 (p. 182).

  270. 270.

    Newcastle Courant, 14 May 1796; The Picture of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Being a Brief Historical & Descriptive Guide to the Principal Buildings, Streets, Public Institutions, Manufactures, Curiosities, &c. (Newcastle: D. Akenhead, 1812), p. 45; Houston, ‘Institutional Care of the Insane and Idiots’, p. 187..

  271. 271.

    MH 51/735, pp. 82–3.

  272. 272.

    Newcastle Courant, 6 April 1799.

  273. 273.

    Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 77.

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Smith, L. (2020). An Expanding Madhouse Network, 1775–1815. In: Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815. Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_4

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