Houses for the Distracted, 1600–1700

Smith, Leonard

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_2

Leonard Smith⁴

Part of the book series: Mental Health in Historical Perspective ((MHHP))

293 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, Smith demonstrates the emergence of private madhouses from the early seventeenth century onwards. He provides examples that indicate their mode of operation, both as businesses and as aspects of medical practice. The main concentration was in London, mostly to the north of the City, where the Hoxton district became prominent. Although the clientele emanated primarily from the middle and upper classes, it is shown that paupers were being received by the 1670s. Smith also highlights early documented examples of private madhouses and their proprietors in the provinces, particularly in the south-west of England. He argues that the basis of a national network of madhouses was largely in place by 1700.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 84.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Michael MacDonald, ‘Religion, Social Change and Psychological Healing in England, 1600–1800’, in W.J. Shiels (ed.), The Church and Healing (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 101–25; Michael MacDonald, ‘Insanity and the Realities of History in early Modern England’, Psychological Medicine 11, 1981, 11–25; Michael MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam; Madness, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 2–11, 206–7, 225, 230–1.
2.
Ian Mortimer, The Dying and the Doctors: The Medical Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England (Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press, 2009), pp. 16–21, 38–40, 46–7, 207–8, 211.
3.
MacDonald, ‘Religion, Social Change and Psychological Healing’, pp. 105–10, 124; MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, pp. 11, 198–217; David Harley, ‘Mental Illness, Magical Medicine and the Devil in Northern England, 1650–1700’, in Roger French and Andrew Wear (eds), The Medical Revolution of the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 114–44.
4.
Roy Porter, ‘The Rage of Party: A Glorious Revolution in English Psychiatry?’, Medical History 27, 1983, 35–50.
5.
Jeremy Schmidt, Melancholy and the Care of the Soul: Religion, Moral Philosophy and Madness in Early Modern England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 129–35.
6.
Angus Gowland, The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 26–34, 85–96, 103–15.:
7.
MacDonald, ‘Insanity and the Realities of History’, pp. 19, 22; MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, pp. 10–11.
8.
William L. Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 7–8, 38; Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine, ‘The Reverend John Ashbourne (c.1611–61) and the Origins of the Private Madhouse System’, British Medical Journal, 1972 (2), 513–5; Roy Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles: A History of Madness in England From the Restoration to the Regency (London: Athlone, 1987), pp. 137–8; Chris Philo, A Geographical History of Institutional Provision for the Insane From Medieval Times to the 1860s in England and Wales: The Space Reserved for Insanity (Lampeter and New York: Edwin Mellen, 2004), pp. 308–12, 321–3, 327–9, 332, 343–5.
9.
Andrews et al., The History of Bethlem, pp. 81–129. The date when Bethlem Hospital began taking in mentally disordered people has been contested. They locate it around 1400.
10.
Thomas Willis, Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes, Which is That of the Vital and Sensitive of Man (London: Thomas Dring, 1683), p. 206.
11.
Jonathan Andrews, Asa Briggs, Roy Porter, Penny Tucker, Keir Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 43–6, 76, 93, 120, 149; Patricia Allderidge, ‘Management and Mismanagement at Bedlam, 1547–1633’, in Charles Webster (ed.), Health, Mortality and Medicine in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 141–64.
12.
Andrews et al., The History of Bethlem, pp. 201, 209–10.
13.
Christine Stevenson, ‘The Architecture of Bethlem at Moorfields’, in Andrews et al., The History of Bethlem, 230–59.
14.
Donald Lupton, London and the Countrey Carbonadoed and Quartred into Seuerall Characters (London: Nicholas Oakes, 1632), p. 74.
15.
Ibid, p. 77.
16.
Ibid, pp. 75–6.
17.
Andrews et al., History of Bethlem, pp. 149–50, 201, 317–26; Allderidge, ‘Management and Mismanagement at Bedlam’, pp. 158–60.
18.
Ibid, pp. 64–5, 145; Allderidge, ‘Management and Mismanagement at Bedlam’, pp. 161–3; C.D. O’Malley, ‘Helkiah Crooke, M.D., F.R.C.P., 1576–1648’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 42, no.1, January 1968, 1–18; Catharine Arnold, Bedlam: London and its Mad (London: Pocket Books, 2009), pp. 61–4; Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine, Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 106–8.
19.
Thomas Middleton and William Rowley, The Changeling (London: 1653); N.W. Bawcutt (ed.), Middleton and Rowley, The Changeling (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998), pp. 14–15. For the play’s significance in the context of contemporary portrayals of madness and ‘Bedlam’, see Natsu Hattori, ‘“The Pleasure of Your Bedlam”: The Theatre of Madness in the Renaissance’, History of Psychiatry 6, 1995, 283–308.
20.
William Birken, ‘Helkiah Crooke (1576–1648), Physician and Anatomist’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxye.bham.ac.uk/view/article/6775, accessed 30/6/16.
21.
Middleton and Rowley, The Changeling, Act One; Bawcutt edition, pp. 45, 47.
22.
Middleton and Rowley, The Changeling, Act Three; Bawcutt edition, p. 82.
23.
Bedfordshire Archives, Francklin MSS, FN. 1060–84; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry, pp. 103–5.
24.
Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 105.
25.
Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, p. 137; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 8; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 17/12/19.
26.
Katharine Hodgkin, Women, Madness and Sin in Early Modern England; The Autobiographical Writings of Dionys Fitzherbert (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010); Katharine Hodgkin, Madness in Seventeenth-Century Autobiography (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
27.
Hodgkin, Women, Madness and Sin, pp. 1, 23–7, 186–203; Hodgkin, Madness in Seventeenth-Century Autobiography, pp. 105–6.
28.
John Vicars, A Looking-Glasse for Malignants: Or, God’s Hand Against God-Haters. Containing a Most Terrible Yet True Relation of the Many Most Fearfull Personall Examples (in These Present Times, Since the Yeere, 1640.) of God’s Most Evident and Immediate Wrath Against Our Malevolent Malignants. (London: John Rothwell, 1643).
29.
Ibid, pp. 20–1.
30.
Ibid, pp. 21–2; cited in Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 199.
31.
John Archer, Every Man His Own Doctor. In Two Parts (London: Peter Lillicrap, 1671); John Archer, Every Man His Own Doctor, Compleated With an Herbal…The Second Edition, with Additions, viz. A Treatise of Melancholy and Distraction, With Government in Cure (London: For the Author, 1673). Hunter and Macalpine portrayed Archer as ‘no more than an advertising quack without proper medical training’—Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry, p. 199.
32.
Archer, Every Man His Own Doctor (1673 edition), p. 119.
33.
Ibid, p. 124.
34.
Ibid, pp. 119–27; quote, p. 127.
35.
B.A., The Sick-Mans Rare Jewel, Wherein is Discovered a Speedy Way How Every Man May Recover Lost Health, and Prolong Life, How He May Know What Disease He Hath, and How He Himself May Apply Proper Remedies to Every Disease, With the Description, Definition, Signs and Symptoms of Those Diseases (London, 1674)
36.
Arthur Morris, The Hoxton Madhouses (March, Cambridgeshire: Goodwin Bros, 1958).
37.
John Skelton, Pimlyco. Or, Runne Red Cap. Tis a Mad World at Hogsdon (London: J. Busbie and Geo. Loftis, 1609)
38.
Andrew Marvell, The Rehearsal Transprosed: or, Animadversions Upon a Late Book, Intituled, A Preface, Shewing What Grounds There Are of Fears and Jealousies of Popery (London, 1672).
39.
Henry Care, The History of Popery, or, Pacquet of Advice From Rome, The Fourth Volume (London: Langley Curtis, 1682), p. 184.
40.
Vincent Alsop, A Vindication of the Faithful Rebuke to a False Report Against the Rude Cavils of the Pretended Defence (London: John Lawrence, 1698).
41.
Robert Ferguson, A View of an Ecclesiastick in His Socks and Buskins: Or, A Just Reprimand Given to Mr. Alsop, for His Foppish, Pedantick, Detractive and Petulant Way of Writing (London: John Betshall, 1698).
42.
Robert Ferguson, A Just and Modest Vindication of the Scots Design, For the Having Established a Colony at Darien (1699).
43.
Elaine Murphy, ‘Mad Farming in the Metropolis. Part 1: A Significant Service Industry in East London’, History of Psychiatry 12, 2001, 245–82, p. 259; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 790.
44.
Stephen Wright, ‘Le Neve, Sir William (1592–1661), Herald and Genealogist’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (henceforth ODNB), http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxyd.bham.ac.uk/view/article/16441, accessed 1/7/16; Anthony Wood, Athenae Oxonienses. An Exact History of all the Writers and Bishops Who Have Had Their Education in the Most Ancient and Famous University of Oxford, From the Fifteenth Year of King Henry the Seventh, Dom. 1500, to the End of the Year 1690 (London: Thomas Bennett, 1692), p. 707.
45.
Wright, ‘Le Neve, Sir William’; Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, p. 707 (quotes).
46.
The German Princess Revived: Or the London Jilt: Being a True Account of the Life and Death of Jenney Voss…Published From Her Own Confession (London: George Croom, 1684), p. 7. In 1684, Jenny was executed at Tyburn for participation in stealing the Lord Chancellor’s mace. Ten shillings was equivalent to five days’ work for a skilled tradesman; £20 was equivalent to about £2000 today - http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 17/12/19.
47.
Kathryn Ellis, ‘Trevor, Sir John (c1637–1717), Judge and Speaker of the House of Commons’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxye.bham.ac.uk/view/article/27729, accessed 3/7/16. In 1685 Trevor was appointed both Speaker and Master of the Rolls. In 1695 he was found guilty of corruption and lost his position as Speaker.
48.
Edward Trevor, A Breif Account of the Severe Usage of Sir John Trevor to His Eldest Son (n.d., c1700).
49.
Andrews et al., The History of Bethlem, pp. 193–4, 203, 208–9, 274–5; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 199, 214–5; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 97–8, 269; Nicholas Jagger, ‘Carkesse, James (b. c1639), Poet’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxye.bham.ac.uk/view/article/4666, accessed 4/7/16.
50.
James Carkesse, Lucida Intervalla: Containing Divers Miscellaneous Poems, Written at Finsbury and Bethlem By the Doctors Patient Extraordinary (London, 1679).
51.
Ibid, p. 4.
52.
Ibid, p. 6.
53.
Ibid, p. 9.
54.
Andrews et al., p. 269.
55.
British Library, General Reference Collection, C.112.f.9.(73); Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 200–1—a map of 1720 shows the ‘Madd House’ set back from the main northerly road and surrounded to the rear by open ground.
56.
Cited also in Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 103.
57.
Anita McConnell, ‘Newton, James (1664–1750), Physician and Botanist’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxyd.bham.ac.uk/view/article/20060, accessed 12/7/16. James Newton’s dates are given as 1639–1718 in this biography of his eponymous son.
58.
British Library, General Reference Collection, C.112.f.9.(73)
59.
Lancashire Archives, DDKE/HMC/892, 23 November 1694, Honoria, Lady Willoughby, to Roger Kenyon.
60.
A Full and True Account of the Life: And Also the Manner and Method of Carrying On the Delusions, Blasphemies, and Notorious Cheats of Susan Fowls (London: J. Read, 1698); Robert Howson, The Second Part of the Boy of Bilson: Or, A True and Particular Relation of the Impostor, Susanna Fowles, Wife of John Fowles, of Hammersmith, in the County of Middlesex, Who Pretended Herself to Be Possess’d With the Devil (London, 1698), pp. 10–20.
61.
Post Boy, 6–9 January 1700; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 472—they characterised the anonymous practitioner as a ‘Clerkenwell quack’; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 102; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, p. 145.
62.
Flying Post or the Post Master, 21 September, 1 October 1700.
63.
Daily Courant, 22, 24 September 1702; Post Man and the Historical Account, 13 October 1702.
64.
London Metropolitan Archives, BRI/B/016/MS06552/001, St Brides Fleet Street, Churchwardens Accounts, 12 December 1672—3 April 1673, 13 October 1676—5 March 1678.
65.
Ibid, 29 January—8 April 1678.
66.
Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 7; Akihito Suzuki, ‘Lunacy in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England: Analysis of Quarter Sessions Records, Part 1’, History of Psychiatry 2, 1991, 437–56, particularly pp. 454–5; Philo, A Geographical History, pp. 310, 400-01 fn.125-7.
67.
London Metropolitan Archives, BRI/B/016/MS06552/001, St Brides Fleet Street, Churchwardens Accounts, 21 October 1671—1 January 1672; see also Andrew et al., The History of Bethlem, p. 283, fn.77; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 5/1/20.
68.
British Library, General Reference Collection, C.112.f.9.(73).
69.
St Botolph, Aldgate, Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor Account Books, 26 April 1694–7 July 1699, London Lives, 1689–1715, GLBAAC100000199—100000269 (www.londonlives.org, version 2.0, March 2018, accessed 7/12/18), London Metropolitan Archives. Widow Chum was also referred to as Widow Chomley and Gammar Chubb; Roadon was also spelt as Rodon and Royden.
70.
London Metropolitan Archives, St Botolph, Bishopsgate, Churchwardens Annual Account Day Books, 1699–1700, P69/BOT4/B/009/MS04525/020, 6 May 1700; 1705–1706, P69/BOT4/B/009/MS04525/026, 27 September 1705.
71.
Middlesex Sessions Papers—Justices’ Working Documents, April 1694, London Lives, LMSMPS500330023 (www.londonlives.org, version 2.0, March 2018, accessed 7/12/18), London Metropolitan Archives; Suzuki, ‘Lunacy in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England’, p. 454; Philo, A Geographical History, p. 310.
72.
London Metropolitan Archives, St Botolph, Bishopsgate, Churchwardens Annual Account Day Books, 1699–1700, P69/BOT4/B/009/MS04525/020, 21 July, 3 September 1699, 6 July 1700; 1700–01, P69/BOT4/B/009/MS04525/020, 28 September 1700; 1702–3, P69/BOT4/B/009/MS04525/023, 1 June 1702; Andrews et al., The History of Bethlem, p. 498; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 5/1/20.
73.
Post Man and the Historical Account, 23 May 1700.
74.
Mercurius Reformatus or the New Observator, 29 January 1690.
75.
Philo, A Geographical History, pp. 322–3.
76.
‘How a madde man in Glocestershire answered A Gentleman’, in Pasquils Jests, Mixed With Mother Bunches Merriments. Whereunto is Added a Dozen of Gulles. Pretty and Pleasant, So Drive Away the Tediousness of a Winters Evening (London: John Browne, 1604).
77.
Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, 154–7; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 8; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 137, 260, 264–5; Philo, A Geographical History, 296, 327.
78.
Isaac Gilling, The Life of the Reverend George Trosse, Late Minister of the Gospel in Exon (London: John Clark, 1715), pp. 2–10; Stephen Wright, ‘Trosse, George (1631–1713), nonconformist minister’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxyd.bham.ac.uk/view/article/27758, accessed 27/9/16.
79.
Gilling, The Life of the Reverend George Trosse, pp. 10–13.
80.
J. Hallet (ed.), The Life of the Reverend Mr Geo. Trosse, Late Minister of the Gospel in the City of Exon, Who Died January 11th, 1713, In the Eighty Second Year of His Age, Written by Himself, and Publish’d According to His Order (London: Joseph Bliss, 1714), p. 53.
81.
Ibid, pp. 54–6.
82.
Gilling, The Life of the Reverend George Trosse, pp. 13–16; A.W. Brink (ed.), The Life of the Reverend Mr George Trosse, Written By Himself, and Published Posthumously According to His Order in 1714 (Montreal and London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), ‘Introduction’, p. 30.
83.
S.H.A. Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, Vol. 2, 1888 to 1898 (Wedmore: W. Pole, 1898).
84.
The exception was H. Temple Phillips, ‘The History of the Old Private Lunatic Asylum at Fishponds, Bristol 1740–1859’ (University of Bristol, M.Sc Dissertation, 1973), pp. 8–9
85.
Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, pp. 84–6, 115; William G. Hall (ed.), ‘The Casebook of John Westover of Wedmore, Surgeon, 1686–1700’ (1999, unpublished; copy in Wellcome Library, London), Introduction, i.
86.
Norman G. Horner, ‘John Westover of Wedmore’, in Proceedings of the Third International Congress of the History of Medicine, London, July 17th to 22nd 1922 (Antwerp: De Vlijt, 1923), 178–81; Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, 2, p. 112. According to Horner, the building was now used as a barn; an inscription carved on the chimney read ‘John Westover, Chyrurgeon, 1680’.
87.
Frances Neale, ‘A seventeenth Century Doctor: John Westover of Wedmore’, The Practitioner 203, November 1969, 699–704.
88.
Somerset Heritage Centre, DD/X/HKN/1, ‘Dr John Westover, Journal’. A transcription is available in Hall, ‘The Casebook of John Westover’. There are only a few entries after 1700.
89.
Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, Vol. 2, p. 91. Westover was also engaged in farming.
90.
Hall, ‘Casebook of John Westover’, 1 October 1686, 7 September 1687, 15 May 1688, 28 May, 29 June, 11 July 1689, 3 April 1690, 1 April, 12 June, 21 August 1692, 20 March 1694, 26 April 1695, 6 December 1698, 8 July 1699.
91.
Hall, ‘Casebook of John Westover’, 28 May 1689, 20 December 1691, 18 November 1694, 18 December 1695, 10 December 1699, 4 September 1700, 16 April 1705; Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, 2, p. 115.
92.
Hall, ‘Casebook of John Westover’, Introduction, v.
93.
Hall, ‘Casebook of John Westover’, 1 October 1686, 29 April 1687; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 17/12/19.
94.
Ibid, 28 May 1689.
95.
Ibid, 11 July 1689.
96.
Ibid, 11 July 1689.
97.
Ibid, 5 August, 22 October, 23 December 1690.
98.
Ibid, 6 December 1698.
99.
Ibid, 28 May, 29 June, 17 July 1689, 17 November 1691; Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, 2, pp. 112 (24 August 1686), 117 (19 June 1689). South Brent, on the edge of Dartmoor, was ninety miles from Wedmore.
100.
‘Casebook of John Westover’, 7 September 1687, 16 February, 17 March 1690, 31 December 1698; Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, 2, p. 120 (8 June 1692).
101.
‘Casebook of John Westover’, 31 December 1698, 24 February, 3 June, 2 October 1699; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 17/12/19.
102.
Hervey, The Wedmore Chronicle, 2, p. 90.
103.
Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, p. 8; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, p. 138; Philo, A Geographical History, p. 328; British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) 1814/15, Vol. VI, SC on the State of Madhouses, p. 21, evidence of Edward Wakefield.
104.
Trepidantium Malleus (Samuel Young), The Foxonian Quakers, Dunces Lyars and Slanderers, Proved out of George Fox’s Journal, and Other Scriblers (London, 1697), pp. 4–5, 47.
105.
David Irish, Levamen Infirmi: Or, Cordial Counsel to the Sick and Diseased (London: For the Author, 1700), p. 53; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, pp. 279–80; Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy, pp. 8–9; Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 127, 145; Philo, A Geographical History, pp. 328–9.
106.
Irish, Levamen Infirmi, title page, p. 38.
107.
Ibid, pp. 38–53.
108.
Ibid, p. 53.
109.
Philo, A Geographical History, p. 329.
110.
Irish, Levamen Infirmi, pp. 53–4.
111.
Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England, 1660–1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 189–90.
112.
Surrey History Centre, 5/4/69, 24 July 1702, Agreement between David Irish and Joseph Chitty; Hunter and Macalpine, Three Hundred Years, p. 281.
113.
Hunter and Macalpine, ‘The Reverend John Ashbourne’; Andrew Mason, ‘The Reverend John Ashburne (c1611–61) and the Origins of the Private Madhouse System’, History of Psychiatry 5, 1994, 321–45; Philo, A Geographical History, p. 311.
114.
TNA, KB 27/1818; J.M. Blatchly, ‘John Ashburne (1607–1661), Church of England Clergyman and Madhouse Keeper’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxyd.bham.ac.uk/view/article/74381, accessed 7/12/18; Hunter and Macalpine, ‘The Reverend John Ashbourne’, p. 513; Mason, ‘The Reverend John Ashburne’, p. 323; http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/, accessed 17/12/19.
115.
Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, p. 137.
116.
A Terrible Thunder-Clap at Wangford in the County of Suffolk (London: Printed for John Jones, 1661), p. 3; Mirabilis Annus Secundus: Or, the Second Part of the Second Years Prodigies (1662), pp. 78–9; Blatchly, ‘John Ashburne’.
117.
Blatchly, ‘John Ashburne’; Mason, ‘The Reverend John Ashburne’, pp. 339–41; Hunter and Macalpine, ‘The Reverend John Ashbourne’, p. 514; Philo, A Geographical History, pp. 331–2.
118.
A. Fessler, ‘The Management of Lunacy in Seventeenth Century England. An Investigation of Quarter-sessions Records’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 49, 1956, 901–7; Peter Rushton, ‘Lunatics and Idiots: Mental Disability, the Community and the Poor Law in the North of England, 1600–1700’, Medical History 32, 1988, 34–50.
119.
Some of those who styled themselves ‘Doctor’ appear not to have attained qualification as a physician.
120.
Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles, pp. 173–4; R.A. Houston, ‘Clergy and the Care of the Insane in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Church History 73 (1), March 2004, 114–38.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Leonard Smith

Authors

Leonard Smith
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonard Smith .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, L. (2020). Houses for the Distracted, 1600–1700. In: Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815. Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_2
Published: 19 June 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41639-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41640-9
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics