Abstract
Industry 4.0 represents the so-called fourth industrial revolution (4IR). In broad terms, the concept refers to our current stage where the biological, physical and digital boundaries blur. How does the 4IR impact cities? The notion of ‘smart city’ corresponds to the city perceived through the lens of the 4IR. The previous industrial revolution was mainly characterised by the advent of the digital (1960s–1990s) where the computer and the Internet played a pivotal role. The 4IR is about connectivity and networks (Internet of Things/IoT). In the realm of the specific challenges are: buildings, connectivity, data, energy, governance and transport.
Our claim is that in order for the 4IR to be integrated in cities, three criteria should be met. First, the concept of sustainability should go beyond ecology and economics, it should consider the Agenda 2030 as its framework, in particular the sector of health and well-being. A sustainable city must be a healthy city. Second, urban planning practice is vital to translate information into knowledge. How can we make spatial sense of an increasing amount of information? The practice used to encompass designing physical structures now; however, it needs to incorporate virtual networks, embedded in physical structures. Third, ‘smart cities’ depend on innovative businesses which respond to the challenges of the 4IR and are an indispensable part of the process.
We conclude that ‘smart cities’ need above all knowledgeable and innovative governance design strategies, as well as public policies that support and promote well-being, urban planning practice and good business.
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Notes
- 1.
Floridi (2014) also claims that we are living under the paradigm of a fourth revolution but the elements defining the advent of each one is of cultural nature: the first starts with Copernicus’ claim, in the sixteenth century, that all planets revolve around the sun and not around the Earth; the second with Charles Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) proving that all species of life have evolved over the years from common ancestors through natural selection; the third is represented by the work of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) who claimed that the mind is also unconscious and subject to defence mechanisms such as repression; and the fourth, initiated by Alan Turing’s (1912–1954) work that has revolutioned computer science, a task that once belonged to men and since then has belonged to the machine.
- 2.
Professor Klaus Schwab has also founded, in 1998, the non-profit association Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship in order to provide platforms at the country, regional and global levels to promote social entrepreneurship.
- 3.
See also Du Pisani (2006).
- 4.
“What people can positively achieve is influenced by economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling conditions of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives. The institutional arrangements for these opportunities are also influenced by the exercise of people’s freedoms, through the liberty to participate in social choice and in the making of public decisions that impel the progress of these opportunities.” (Sen 1999, p. 5)
- 5.
“With adequate social opportunities, individuals can effectively shape their own destiny and help each other. They need not be seen primarily as passive recipients of the benefits of cunning development programs. There is indeed a strong rationale for recognizing the positive role of free and sustainable agency-and even of constructive impatience.” (Sen 1999, p. 11)
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Soeiro, D. (2020). Smart Cities, Well-Being and Good Business: The 2030 Agenda and the Role of Knowledge in the Era of Industry 4.0. In: Matos, F., Vairinhos, V., Salavisa, I., Edvinsson, L., Massaro, M. (eds) Knowledge, People, and Digital Transformation. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40390-4_5
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