Abstract
This chapter aims to present an optimization-based systematic framework to design an integrated palm oil based complex (POBC) with food-energy-water nexus (FEW) integrations. With gaining interest in the FEW nexus for sustainability improvement, the oil palm sector with great possibilities of integration between food, energy, and water resources, requires significant attention especially in palm oil exporting countries such as Malaysia. Besides the palm-based biofuel production system and biomass supply chain planning, the optimal strategy for palm oil mill effluent (POME) management is in need of a trade-off evaluation between food, energy, and water security. Although nationally, biogas capture and composting are encouraged to achieve methane mitigated POME management in Malaysian palm oil mills (POM), the slow implementation pace reflects the need for providing alternative options. Therefore, a new conceptual zone of the palm oil processing complex, termed POBC, is proposed considering POME elimination as one of the POME management approaches. The evaluation of FEW nexus is thus an important aspect to be considered in the optimization of the POBC design to secure the three resources. A fuzzy multi-objective optimization model-based approach is developed in this study to aid the planning of an optimum POBC with maximum satisfaction between economic advantage, food, energy, and water security. The developed model and optimal network will provide input to POM owners on the contributions of the FEW nexus in optimal POME management and POM configuration.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
The American Soybean Association. International: World Vegetable Oil Consumption 2018. Available from: http://soystats.com/international-world-vegetable-oil-consumption/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
A. Kushairi, S.K. Loh, I. Azman, E. Hishamuddin, M. Ong-Abdullah, Z.B.M.N. Izuddin, et al., Oil palm economic performance in Malaysia and R&D progress in 2017. J. Oil Palm Res. 30(2), 163–195 (2018)
A. Kushairi, B. Nambiappan, Malaysia’s palm oil supply and demand for 2017 and outlook for 2018 (Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Selangor, Malaysia, 2018)
Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB). Number and capacities of palm oil sectors in operation as at December 2017: Economics & Industry Development Division 2018. Available from: http://bepi.mpob.gov.my/index.php/en/statistics/sectoral-status/179-sectoral-status-2017/803-number-a-capacities-of-palm-oil-sectors-2017.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
S.K. Loh, M.E. Lai, M. Ngatiman, Vegetative growth enhancement of organic fertilizer from anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) supplemented with chicken manure in food-energy-water nexus challenge. Food Bioprod. Process. 117, 95–104 (2019)
Y. Ahmed, Z. Yaakob, P. Akhtar, K. Sopian, Production of biogas and performance evaluation of existing treatment processes in palm oil mill effluent (POME). Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 42, 1260–1278 (2015)
Y.D. Tan, J.S. Lim, Feasibility of palm oil mill effluent elimination towards sustainable Malaysian palm oil industry. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 111, 507–522 (2019)
S. Kandiah, R. Batumalai, Palm oil clarification using evaporation. J. Oil Palm Res. 25(2), 235–244 (2013)
A.N. Ma, A novel treatment process for palm oil mill effluent. PORIM TT 29(43) (1995)
R.T.L. Ng, D.K.S. Ng, Systematic approach for synthesiz of integrated palm oil processing complex. Part 1: Single owner. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52(30), 10206–10220 (2013)
H. Kasivisvanathan, D.K.S. Ng, G. Poplewski, R.R. Tan, Flexibility optimization for a palm oil-based integrated biorefinery with demand uncertainties. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55(14), 4035–4044 (2016)
F.M. Mukuve, R.A. Fenner, Scale variability of water, land, and energy resource interactions and their influence on the food system in Uganda. Sust. Production Consumption 2, 79–95 (2015)
J.P. Newell, B. Goldstein, A. Foster, A 40-year review of food–energy–water nexus literature and its application to the urban scale. Environ. Res. Lett. 14(7) (2019)
X. Zhang, V.V. Vesselinov, Integrated modeling approach for optimal management of water, energy and food security nexus. Adv. Water Resour. 101, 1–10 (2017)
D.C. López-DÃaz, L.F. Lira-Barragán, E. Rubio-Castro, M. Serna-González, M.M. El-Halwagi, J.M. Ponce-Ortega, Optimization of biofuels production via a water–energy–food nexus framework. Clean Techn. Environ. Policy 20(7), 1443–1466 (2018)
J.S. Lim, Z. Abdul Manan, H. Hashim, S.R. Wan Alwi, Towards an integrated, resource-efficient rice mill complex. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 75, 41–51 (2013)
S.Z.Y. Foong, V. Andiappan, D.C.Y. Foo, D.K.S. Ng, Flowsheet synthesiz and optimization of palm oil milling processes with maximum oil recovery, in Green Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry, ed. by D. C. Y. Foo, M. K. Tun Abdul Aziz, (Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2019), pp. 3–32
H.-J. Zimmermann, Fuzzy programming and linear programming with several objective functions. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 1(1), 45–55 (1978)
Alfa Laval. Innovative, sustainable processing solutions for the palm oil industry: Alfa Laval; 2016. Available from: https://www.alfalaval.com/globalassets/documents/industries/food-dairy-and-beverage/food/fat-and-oil-processing/innovative-palm-oil-solutions.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2018
T.S. Tang, P.K. Teoh, Palm kernel oil extraction – The malaysian experience. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62(2), 254–258 (1985)
N. Abu Bakar, W.S. Lim, M. Sukiran, S.K. Loh, Kheang, N.A. Bukhari, Co-firing of biogas in palm oil mill biomass boilers. Palm Oil Eng. Bull. 120, 23–26 (2016)
S.K. Loh, A.B. Nasrin, S. Mohamad Azri, B. Nurul Adela, N. Muzzammil, T. Daryl Jay, et al., First report on Malaysia’s experiences and development in biogas capture and utilization from palm oil mill effluent under the Economic Transformation Programme: Current and future perspectives. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 74, 1257–1274 (2017)
EPA U. S., Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Sequencing Batch Reactors (US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA 832-F-99-073, 1999)
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully thank Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Research University Grant (grant number Q.J130000.2546.17H31 and Q.J130000.3551.05G97) for supporting the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tan, Y.D., Lim, J.S., Wan Alwi, S.R. (2020). Design of Integrated Palm Oil Based Complex via Food-Energy-Water Nexus Optimization Framework. In: Asadi, S., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. (eds) Food-Energy-Water Nexus Resilience and Sustainable Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40052-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40052-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40051-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40052-1
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)