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Winding the Clock: Development of Hypothalamic Structures Controlling Biological Timing and Sleep

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Developmental Neuroendocrinology

Part of the book series: Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology ((MANEURO,volume 9))

Abstract

The daily cycle of sleep and wake governs all aspects of behavior and is under tight homeostatic regulation. The core circadian oscillator in turn restricts sleep to specific intervals of the solar day. The neurons that regulate both sleep and circadian timing reside largely in the hypothalamus, and are linked in a complex, reciprocally connected, and still incompletely characterized network. While our knowledge of the neural circuitry controlling circadian rhythms and sleep has advanced considerably, our understanding of the mechanisms by which they are assembled during embryonic and postnatal development lag far behind. In this chapter, we review advances in the understanding of hypothalamic circuitry controlling circadian rhythms and sleep and our current knowledge of the gene regulatory networks that guide their development. In addition, we discuss the potential for future studies of hypothalamic development to provide new insights into the mechanisms by which animals regulate the timing and duration of sleep.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Dong Won Thomas Kim & Seth Blackshaw

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Seth Blackshaw

  3. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Seth Blackshaw

  4. Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Seth Blackshaw

  5. Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Seth Blackshaw

Authors
  1. Dong Won Thomas Kim
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seth Blackshaw .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA

    Susan Wray

  2. Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Seth Blackshaw

Key References

Key References

  • Bedont et al. (2014)—Identified Lhx1 as a master regulation of neuropeptide expression in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and demonstrated the necessity of these neuropeptides in stabilizing the master circadian clock.

  • Carmona-Alcocer et al. (2018)—Demonstrated that synchronized activity rhythms first emerge in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus by embryonic day 15, and show mature organization by postnatal day 2.

  • Dalal et al. (2013)—Identified Lhx9 as a critical regulator of development of hypocretin neurons.

  • Liu et al. (2017)—Identified Lhx6-positive neurons of the zona incerta as responsive to sleep pressure, and demonstrated that they are necessary and sufficient for promotion of sleep.

  • Parsons et al. (2015)—Identified Zfhx3 as a master regulator of the development of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

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Kim, D.W.T., Blackshaw, S. (2020). Winding the Clock: Development of Hypothalamic Structures Controlling Biological Timing and Sleep. In: Wray, S., Blackshaw, S. (eds) Developmental Neuroendocrinology. Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40002-6_5

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