Abstract
This chapter argues that US foreign policy has been and will continue to be “queer” due to tensions between diplomacy, military, and intelligence as well as between the presidency, the legislature, and intelligence. The “wall of separation” which is purported to exist between the intelligence community and other players like the presidency, the State Department, and the military is in fact an illusion or a construct, rather than reality. Furthermore, we suggest that this wall will continue to further erode, as new technologies and forces of globalization inevitably lead to a blurring between official and unofficial (or covert) foreign policy, as well as the ability to hide state activities, through new types of transparency and surveillance.
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Notes
- 1.
David Roto, Danielle Hicks, and Bernard Martin, “What is an Emerging Technology?” Research Policy 44, no. 10 (2015, 1827–1843).
- 2.
Clotworthy, Orrin. 1962. “Some Far-Out Thoughts on Computers.” Studies in Intelligence 6, no. 4 (1962), Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-56-no-4/pdfs/Clotworthy-Imaginative-Use-of-Computers.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
- 3.
Edward Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg fix Facebook before it breaks democracy?” The New Yorker (September 17, 2018). Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/09/17/can-mark-zuckerberg-fix-facebook-before-it-breaks-democracy. Accessed August 2, 2019.
- 4.
Shaun B. Spencer, “Reasonable Expectations and the Erosion of Privacy,” San Diego Law Review 39, no. 3 (2002), 843–916.
- 5.
Dennis F. Thompson, “Democratic Secrecy,” Political Science Quarterly 114, No. 2 (1999), 181–193.
- 6.
Chris Perkins, Martin Dodge, “Satellite Imagery and the Spectacle of Secret Spaces.” Geoforum 40 (2009), 546–560.
- 7.
Perkins, Dodge.
- 8.
Marc Goodman. Future Crimes. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 2015), 235.
- 9.
Goodman, 27.
- 10.
Jonathan Lord, “Undercover Under Threat: Cover Identity, Clandestine Activity and Covert Action in the Digital Age.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 28, no. 4 (2015), 666–681.
- 11.
Rand Waltzman, “Information Warfare Requires Personalized Weaponry.” The Cyber Edge (January 1, 2019), Available at: https://www.afcea.org/content/information-warfare-requires-personalized-weaponry. Accessed August 1, 2019.
- 12.
Thomas Brewster. “These Ex-Spies are Harvesting Facebook Photos for a Massive Facial Recognition Database.” Forbes. April 16, 2018. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2018/04/16/huge-facebook-facial-recognition-database-built-by-ex-israeli-spies/. Accessed August 1, 2019.
- 13.
Goodman, 31.
- 14.
Stephen Hill and Randall Beger. “A paramilitary policing juggernauts.” Social Justice 36, no. 1 (2009), 25–40.
- 15.
Peter Andreas and Richard Price, “From War Fighting to Crime Fighting: Transforming the American National Security State.” International Studies Review 3, no. 3 (2011), 31–51.
- 16.
Frederic Manget, “Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Accountability,” in Intelligence: The Secret World of Spies, edited by Loch K. Johnson and J. J. Wirtz, 386–400 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2015).
- 17.
Elke Krahmann, “The United States, PMSCs and the state monopoly on violence: Leading the way towards norm change.” Security Dialogue 44, no. 1 (2013), 53–71.
- 18.
Described in Ingrid Drake. POGO blog. March 17, 2010. Available at https://www.pogo.org/letter/2010/05/pogo-supports-eshoo-amendment-for-better-oversight-of-intelligence-community/. Accessed August 1, 2019.
- 19.
Michael Hayden, Playing to the Edge: American Intelligence in an Age of Terror. (New York, NY: Penguin, 2016).
- 20.
Dorothy Denning, “Stuxnet: What has Changed.” Future Internet 4 (2012), 672–687.
- 21.
Kubo Macak, “From Cyber norms to Cyber Rule: Re-engaging States as Law Makers.” Leiden Journal of International Law 30 (2017), 877–899.
- 22.
Jacob Mchangama, Hin-Yan Liu. “The welfare state is committing suicide by AI.” Foreign Policy. December 25, 2018. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/25/the-welfare-state-is-committing-suicide-by-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed August 8, 2019.
- 23.
Cynthia Weber. 2016. “Queer and/or International Relations . . . or not?” International Studies Quarterly Blog. Available at https://www.isanet.org/Publications/ISQ/Posts/ID/5284/Queer-andor-International-Relationsor-not. Accessed August 8, 2019.
- 24.
Cynthia Weber. “Queer intellectual curiosity as international relations method: Developing queer international relations theoretical and methodological frameworks.” International Studies Quarterly 60, no. 1 (2016), 11–23.
Bibliography
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Brewster, Thomas. 2018. These Ex-Spies are Harvesting Facebook Photos for a Massive Facial Recognition Database. Forbes, April 16. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2018/04/16/huge-facebook-facial-recognition-database-built-by-ex-israeli-spies/. Accessed 1 Aug 2019.
Clotworthy, Orrin. 1962. Some Far-Out Thoughts on Computers. Studies in Intelligence 6 (4). Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-56-no-4/pdfs/Clotworthy-Imaginative-Use-of-Computers.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2019.
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Goodman, Marc. 2015. Future Crimes. New York: Doubleday.
Hayden, Michael. 2016. Playing to the Edge: American Intelligence in an Age of Terror. New York: Penguin.
Hill, Stephen, and Randall Beger. 2009. A Paramilitary Policing Juggernauts. Social Justice 36 (1): 25–40.
Krahmann, Elke. 2013. The United States, PMSCs and the State Monopoly on Violence: Leading the Way Towards Norm Change. Security Dialogue 44 (1): 53–71.
Lord, Jonathan. 2015. Undercover Under Threat: Cover Identity, Clandestine Activity and Covert Action in the Digital Age. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 28 (4): 666–681.
Macak, Kubo. 2017. From Cyber Norms to Cyber Rule: Re-engaging States as Law Makers. Leiden Journal of International Law 30: 877–899.
Manget, Frederic. 2015. Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Accountability. In Intelligence: The Secret World of Spies, ed. Loch K. Johnson and J.J. Wirtz, 386–400. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mchangama, Jacob, and Hin-Yan Liu. 2018. The Welfare State Is Committing Suicide by AI. Foreign Policy, December 25. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/25/the-welfare-state-is-committing-suicide-by-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed 8 Aug 2019.
Osnos, Edward. 2018. Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy? The New Yorker, September 17. Available at https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/09/17/can-mark-zuckerberg-fix-facebook-before-it-breaks-democracy. Accessed 2 Aug 2019.
Perkins, Chris, and Martin Dodge. 2009. Satellite Imagery and the Spectacle of Secret Spaces. Geoforum 40: 546–560.
Roto, David, Danielle Hicks, and Bernard Martin. 2015. What Is an Emerging Technology? Research Policy 44 (10): 1827–1843.
Spencer, Shaun. 2002. Reasonable Expectations and the Erosion of Privacy. San Diego Law Review 39 (3): 843–916.
Thompson, Dennis. 1999. Democratic Secrecy. Political Science Quarterly 114 (2): 181–193.
Waltzman, Rand. 2019. Information Warfare Requires Personalized Weaponry. The Cyber Edge, January 1. Available at https://www.afcea.org/content/information-warfare-requires-personalized-weaponry. Accessed 1 Aug 2019.
Weber, Cynthia. 2016a. Queer and/or International Relations . . . or Not? International Studies Quarterly Blog. Available at https://www.isanet.org/Publications/ISQ/Posts/ID/5284/Queer-andor-International-Relationsor-not. Accessed 8 Aug 2019.
———. 2016b. Queer Intellectual Curiosity as International Relations Method: Developing Queer International Relations Theoretical and Methodological Frameworks. International Studies Quarterly 60 (1): 11–23.
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Manjikian, M. (2020). The Future Is Queer: New Developments in Intelligence Activity. In: Gender, Sexuality, and Intelligence Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39894-1_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39894-1_8
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