Abstract
This chapter examines the specific crime of treason and the ways in which homosexuality in particular has long been understood as a security threat. We examine more closely the relationship between sexuality, secrecy, trust, and betrayal, as it has traditionally been understood within the intelligence community. We also consider another type of spy—specifically the double agent. We also consider the ways in which new attitudes within the United States about queer people, including the acceptance of queer employees at intelligence organizations like the CIA, have in some instances led to the cooptation of the queer within the national security apparatus. Drawing upon the work of Jasbir Puar, we consider what it means for this to occur. I also briefly introduce the debate about whether “passing” as queer helps one to “pass” as a spy or whether it is instead a factor which affects one’s productivity and serves as a distraction.
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Notes
- 1.
Magnus Ranstorp. 2009. “Mapping Terrorism Studies after 9/11,” pp. 13–32, in Jeroen Gunning, Marie Smyth, Richard Jackson, eds. Critical Terrorism Studies: Framing a New Research Agenda. New York: Routledge.
- 2.
Jason Franks. 2009. “Rethinking the Roots of Terrorism: Beyond Orthodox Terrorism Theory – a Critical Research Agenda.” Global Society 23(2): 153–176.
- 3.
Aristotle, Politics X. Translation Benjamin Jowett. Digireads.com
- 4.
Klaus van Eickels, “Gendered Violence: Castration and Blinding as Punishment for Treason in Normandy and Anglo-Norman England,” Gender and History 16, no. 3 (2004): 588, accessed April 1, 2019, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-5233.2004.00357.x
- 5.
O.F. Robinson, Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome (New York, NY: Routledge, 2007), 62–63.
- 6.
Mary E. Lewis, “A Traitor’s Death? The Identity of a Man Drawn, Hanged and Quartered from Hulton Abbey, Staffordshire,” Antiquity 82, 315 (2008): 120.
- 7.
Danielle Westerhof, “Amputating the Traitor: Healing the Social Body in Public Executions for Treason in Late Medieval England,” in The Ends of the Body: Identity and Community in Medieval Culture, ed. Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Jill Ross (Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2013), 177–192.
- 8.
Ibid., 177–192.
- 9.
Van Eickels. “Gendered Violence,” 590.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Van Eickels, 591.
- 12.
John Browne. The Glass Closet: Why Coming Out Is Good for Business. (New York: Harper Business, 2014), 46.
- 13.
Gregory Herek, “Gay People and Government Security Clearances: A Social Science Perspective,” The American Psychologist 45, no 9 (1990): 1040. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://psycnet.apa.org.ezproxy.regent.edu:2048/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.45.9.1035
- 14.
The ban on homosexual’s serving in the US civil service was subsequently removed following the 1973 declassification of homosexuality as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association. However, those who were either openly gay or suspected of being gay were still subject to additional scrutiny in terms of hiring and the granting of a security clearance.
- 15.
Holly Heatley, “Commies and Queers: Narratives that Supported the Lavender Scare” (master’s thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2007).
- 16.
Dana L. Cloud, “Private Manning and the Chamber of Secrets,” QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking 1, no. 1 (2014): 87, accessed April 12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.14321/qed.1.1.0080
- 17.
Jon Kelly, “The Era When Gay Spies Were Feared,” BC News Magazine, January 20, 2016.
- 18.
Mary Manjikian, “Diagnosis, Intervention, and Cure: The Illness Narrative in the Discourse of the Failed State,” Alternatives 33, no. 3 (2008): 335–357.
- 19.
Mark Neocleous, “What Do You Think of Female Chastity? Identity and Loyalty in the National Security State,” Journal of Historical Sociology 19, no. 4 (2006): 391. Accessed December 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2006.00289.x
- 20.
Herek, 1038.
- 21.
Ryan Butcher, “Depicting Trump and Putin in a Romantic Relationship Isn’t Funny – It Just Makes You a Homophobe,” Independent, July 17, 2018. Accessed October 9, 2018. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump-putin-new-york-times-homophobia-relationship-a8451151.html
- 22.
David Levesley, “It’s Not Subversive or Progressive to Mock Trump and Putin by Calling Them Gay, It’s Homophobic,” July 17, 2018, iNews, accessed August 12, 2018, https://inews.co.uk/opinion/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-gay-helsinki/
- 23.
For more on any of these subjects, see Manjikian M. (2018), “Conflict, Cohesion, and Comrades in Arms: Social Implications of Robotics in the Military.” In: Kiggins R. (eds) The Political Economy of Robots. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, 249–269.
- 24.
Jon Stock, “A ‘Swallow’ Came to Spy on Us,” Daily Telegraph, December 11, 2010, 29.
- 25.
Stock, 29.
- 26.
Alexis Albion, s.v. “Vassall, W. John,” in Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, ed. Rodney P. Carlisle (London, UK: Routledge, 2005).
- 27.
Louise Jury, “Spy Who Sold Country for Lust and Greed,” Independent, December 1996, 10.
- 28.
Jon Kelly, “The Era When Gay Spies Were Feared,” BBC News Magazine, January 20, 2016, accessed November 15, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35360172
- 29.
High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 895 F. 2d 563 (9th Cir. 1990), accessed July 12, 2018. http://www.danpinello.com/HighTech.htm
- 30.
Erwin Flaxman. 2010. “The Cambridge Spies: Treason and Transformed Ego Ideals.” The Psychoanalytic Review 97(4): 607.
- 31.
Michael Stouder and Scott Gallagher, “Counterintelligence Outreach: Building a Strategic Capability,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 28, no. 1 (2015): 144. Accessed October 11, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2014.924820
- 32.
Terrance J. Thompson, “Toward an Updated Understanding of Espionage Motivation,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 27, no. 1 (2014): 59. Accessed September 21, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2014.842805
- 33.
Ibid., 58.
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Marc E. Vargo. Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century. (New York: Routledge, 2003).
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
John LeCarre. 2011. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. New York: Penguin.
- 38.
Quoted in Takayuki Yokota-Murakami. 2010. “Espionage as a strategy of literary and cultural politics.” Neohelicon. 37(2), 454.
- 39.
Erwin Flaxman. 2010. “The Cambridge Spies: Treason and Transformed Ego Ideals.” The Psychoanalytic Review 97(4): 619.
- 40.
Flaxman, 621.
- 41.
Jefferson Morley, “Did Traitor Kim Philby Have a Gay Affair with Former Director of the CIA?” Telegraph, December 1, 2017. Accessed October 9, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/did-traitor-kim-philby-have-gay-affair-former-director-cia/
- 42.
Alex Hayden DiLalla, “Mainstream Media’s Issue with Chelsea Manning’s Gender Identity,” Huffington Post, August 23, 2013. Accessed October 11, 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-hayden-dilalla/mainstream-medias-issue-w_b_3798402.html
- 43.
Stephane Lefebvre, “Sex Again: The Smith-Leung Spy Case,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 18, no. 2 (2005): 296–304. Accessed September 7, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850600590882164
- 44.
Jasbir Puar. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
- 45.
See also Herek, who refers to the skill of compartmentalization or controlling access to information, arguing that individuals who are skilled at doing this are uniquely suited to intelligence work.
- 46.
Kelly, “Gay Spies.”
- 47.
Shawn A. Trivette, “Secret Handshakes and Decoder Rings: The Queer Space of Don’t Ask/Don’t Tell,” Sex Research Social Policy 7, no. 3 (September 2010): 214–228. Accessed August 2, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-010-0020-3
- 48.
David Orzechowicz, s.v. “Corporate Closet,” in Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia, ed. Vicki Smith (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013); James Woods and Jay Lucas, The Corporate Closet: The Professional Lives of Gay Men in America (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1993).
- 49.
Browne, 78.
- 50.
Browne, 98.
- 51.
Browne, 125.
- 52.
Anna Agathangelou, M. Daniel Bassichis, and Tamara L. Spira, “Intimate Investments: Homonormativity, Global Lockdown and the Seductions of Empire,” Radical History Review 100, no. 100 (Winter 2008): 120–143, accessed November 15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2007-025
- 53.
Anna Agathangelou, M. Daniel Bassichis, and Tamara L. Spira, “Intimate Investments: Homonormativity, Global Lockdown and the Seductions of Empire,” Radical History Review 100, no. 100 (Winter 2008): 120–143, accessed November 15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2007-025; Margaret Denike, “Homonormative Collusions and the Subject of Rights: Reading Terrorist Assemblages,” Feminist Legal Studies 18, no. 1 (April 2010): 85–100, accessed October 10, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-010-9148-z
- 54.
Jenny Hall, “Coming Out as Transgender Made Me a More Effective CIA Officer,” Atlantic, March 20, 2017, accessed June 21, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/transgender-cia/520050/
- 55.
Agathangelou, Bassichis, and Spira, “Intimate Investments,” 123.
- 56.
Kelly, “Gay Spies.” Cloud.
- 57.
Robert Diaz, “Transnational Queer Theory and Unfolding Terrorisms,” Criticism 50, no. 3 (2008): 534, accessed September 15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1353/crt.0.0072. Here, Diaz makes this same caution.
- 58.
Zach Blas and Micha Cardenas, “Imaginary Computational Systems: Queer Technologies and Transreal Aesthetics,” AI and Society 28, no. 4 (2013): 559–566. Accessed October 15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-013-0502-y
- 59.
Herek.
- 60.
Cloud, 90.
- 61.
Margaret C. Harrell, “Army Officers’ Spouses: Have the White Gloves Been Mothballed?” Armed Forces and Society 28, no. 1 (Fall 2001): 55–75. Accessed February 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X0102800104
- 62.
Cloud.
- 63.
Lon Snowden. “Edward Snowden’s Father Speaks.” November 11, 2015. Accessed October 26, 2018. Available at: https://www.phillymag.com/welcome/2893043/single/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillymag.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F11%2Fedward-Snowden's-father-speaks/
- 64.
Bina Kiyonaga, My Spy: Memoir of a CIA Wife (New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2000).
- 65.
Jack Devine. 2014. Good Hunting: An American Spymaster’s Story. New York: Crichton Books, p. 223.
- 66.
Hanna Papanek, “Men, Women, and Work: Reflections on the Two-Person Career,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 4 (1978): 852–872. Accessed November 11, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1086/225406
- 67.
Richards J. Heuer and Katherine Herbig, “Espionage by the Numbers: A Statistical Overview,” NOAA.gov, last modified November 28, 2001, http://www.wrc.noaa.gov/wrso/security_guide/numbers.htm
- 68.
Sarah Barnett, “With Her Husband Jailed for Betraying the CIA, a Spy’s Wife Fights to Come in from the Cold,” People, May 18, 1981. Accessed November 7, 2018. https://people.com/archive/with-her-husband-jailed-for-betraying-the-c-i-a-a-spys-wife-fights-to-come-in-from-the-cold-vol-15-no-19/
- 69.
Barbara Gamarekian, “Jailed Agent’s Family Learns to Cope,” New York Times, June 16, 1982, accessed August 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/us/jailed-agent-s-family-learns-to-cope.html
- 70.
Jack Devine. 2014. Good Hunting: An American Spymaster’s Story. New York: Crichton Books.
- 71.
AP, “CIA: KGB Defector Has Marital Woes,” Newsday, November 1985.
- 72.
Jon Stock, “Russian ‘Spy’: a ‘Swallow’ Came to Spy On Us,” Telegraph, December 11, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8195452/Russian-spy-a-swallow-came-to-spy-on-us.html
- 73.
Chad Day and Eric Tucker, “Tales of Sex, Deception Emerge About Suspected Covert Russian Agent,” Ledge, July 18, 2018, accessed September 1, 2018. Available at: https://canoe.com/news/world/sex-and-deception-tales-emerge-about-suspected-russian-agent
- 74.
Kate Connolly, “Married pair Alleged to be Russian ‘Cold War’ Type Spies on Trial in Germany,” Guardian, January 15, 2013, accessed August 7, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/15/married-pair-russian-spies-germany
- 75.
AP, “Woman Faked Marriage; Was Hired by CIA, FBI,” Times-News, November 14, 2007. Accessed November 2, 2018. Link no longer available.
- 76.
Kate Loveys and Vanessa Allen, “The Spy Who Loved Me: British Husband of ‘Femme Fatale’ Says Her Arrest was ‘Not Much of a Surprise,’” Daily Mail, July 2, 2010. Accessed October 7, 2018. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1291380/Russian-spy-ring-British-husband-femme-fatale-spy-speaks-secret-meetings-Russian-friends.html
- 77.
Tim Weiner, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis, Betrayal: The Story of Aldrich Ames, an American Spy (New York, NY: Random House, 1995).
- 78.
Nigel West, “A Scoundrel in Plain Sight,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 30, no. 2 (2017): 421–425. Accessed November 6, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2017.1263536
- 79.
Michele Rigby Assad, Breaking Cover: My Secret Life in the CIA and What it Taught Me About What’s Worth Fighting For (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2018).
- 80.
T. J. Waters, Class 11: My Story Inside the CIA’s First Post-9/11 Spy Class (New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2006).
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Manjikian, M. (2020). Treason, Agency, and Sexuality. In: Gender, Sexuality, and Intelligence Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39894-1_4
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