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Clinical Nuclear Medicine pp 211–231Cite as

SPECT and PET of the Brain

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Abstract

In this second edition, we update brain imaging in clinical nuclear medicine. In particular, we highlight recent developments in PET imaging of neurocognitive disorders. Alzheimer’s disease is pathologically characterized by accumulation of two abnormal proteins in the brain, namely, β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau. Several PET radiopharmaceuticals for β-amyloid imaging have recently been approved for clinical use. In many clinical therapeutic trials, β-amyloid PET imaging has also been used to select subjects with β-amyloid pathologies in order to gauge the potential efficacy of anti-amyloid antibody therapies. In addition, several new PET radiopharmaceuticals for tau imaging are undergoing extensive developments, and tau PET imaging is now realistically following a similar path toward that of β-amyloid imaging in its clinical and research usefulness. Furthermore, PET imaging of neurotransmission systems has long been used as a valuable tool for the purpose of clinical diagnosis, research, and drug developments in movement disorders and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Other nuclear medicine brain imaging, such as [18]F-FDG-PET, remains of wide clinical and research use for the evaluation of brain tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, seizure disorders, and other neuropsychiatric diseases, although recent advances in the structural and functional MRI technology are increasingly recognized in the field of brain imaging.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan

    Yasuyuki Kimura, Takashi Kato, Kengo Ito & Masanori Ichise

  2. Department of Radiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan

    Takashi Kato

  3. Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Chiba, Japan

    Masanori Ichise

  4. Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Masanori Ichise

Authors
  1. Yasuyuki Kimura
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  2. Takashi Kato
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  3. Kengo Ito
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  4. Masanori Ichise
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Westfalen - Knappschaftskrankenhaus Academic teaching hospital of the Ruhr University, Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beta Klinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Biersack

  3. Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

    Leonard M. Freeman

  4. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Lionel S. Zuckier

Appendices

Appendix

Radiopharmaceutical Abbreviations

[11C]PIB (Pittsburg Compound B): 2-(4′-[11C]methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

[18F]flutemetamol: 2-[3-(18F)fluoranyl-4-(methylamino)phenyl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-ol

[18F]NAV4694: 2-[2-(18F)fluoro-6-(methylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1-benzofuran-5-ol

[18F]florbetapir: 4-{(E)-2-[6-(2-{2-[2-(18F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)-3-pyridinyl]vinyl}-N-methylaniline

[18F]florbetaben: 4-{(E)-2-[4-(2-{2-[2-(18F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]vinyl}-N-methylaniline

[11C]SB-13: 4-[(E)-2-{4-[(11C)methylamino]phenyl}vinyl]phenol

[18F]FDDNP: 2-(1-{6-[(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}-ethylidene)malononitrile

[11C]PBB3: 2-[(1E,3E)-4-[6-([11C]methylamino)pyridin-3-yl]buta-1,3-dienyl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-ol

[18F]flortaucipir: 7-[6-(18F)fluoro-3-pyridinyl]-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole

[18F]THK5351: (2S)-1-(18F)fluoro-3-[2-[6-(methylamino)pyridin-3-yl]quinolin-6-yl]oxypropan-2-ol

[18F]PI-2620: not disclosed

[18F]MK-6240: 6-(18F)fluoro-3-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-ylisoquinolin-5-amine

[18F]PM-PBB3: not disclosed

[18F]FDG: [18F]fludeoxyglucose

[123I]IMP: [123I]iodoamphetamine

[99mTc]ECD: [99mTc]ethylcysteinate dimer

[99mTc]HMPAO: [99mTc]hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime

[123I]MIBG: [123I]metaiodobenzylguanidine

[123I]altropane: 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-((E)-3-iodo-prop-2-enyl)tropane

[99mTc]TRODAT-1: ([2-[[2-[[[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3,2,1]oct-2-yl]methyl](2-mercaptoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]ethanethiolato(3-)-N2,N2′,S2,S2′]oxo-[1R-(exo-exo)]-99mTc-technetium)

[l23I]FP-CIT or DATSCAN: 123I-N-omega-fluoropropyl- 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodoph enyl)nortropane

[11C]flumazenil: ethyl 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate

[18F]FDOPA: 3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-l-phenylalanine

[11C]DTBZ: [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine

[99mTc]MIBI: [99mTc]sestamibi

[123I]IMT: [123I]iodo-α-methyltyrosine

[11C]MET: [11C]methionine (MET)

[18F]FET: [18F]fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine

[18F]FLT: [18F]fluoro-thymidine

[11C]raclopride: 3,5-dichloro-N-[[(2S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl]-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide

[123I]IBZM: [123I]iodobenzamide

[11C]FLB 457: ((S)-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide)

[18F]fallypride: N-{[(2S)-1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl}-5-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide

[11C]NNC112: ((+)-8-chloro-5-(7-benzofuranyl)-7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetra-hydro-lH-3-benzazepine

[11C]SCH23390: R-(+)-8-chIoro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyI-5-phe-nyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol

[11C]WAY-100635: N-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazi-nyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide

[11C]MDL100,907: (R)-(+)-4-(1-hydroxy-1-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)methy1)-N-2-(4-fluorophenylethyl) piperidine

[11C](+)McN5652: (+)trans-l,2,3,5,6,10β-hexahydro-6-14-(methylthio)phenyl]pyrrolo-[2,1-a]-isoquinoline

[11C]DASB: N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio)benzylamine

[18F]altanserin: 3-{2-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl}-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinazolinone

[11C]cocaine: methyl(1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate

[11C]methylphenidate: methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate

[11C]carfentanil: methyl 1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-[phenyl(propanoyl)amino]piperidine-4-carboxylate

[111In] or [99mTc]DTPA: 111In- or 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid

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Kimura, Y., Kato, T., Ito, K., Ichise, M. (2020). SPECT and PET of the Brain. In: Ahmadzadehfar, H., Biersack, HJ., Freeman, L., Zuckier, L. (eds) Clinical Nuclear Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_4

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