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Jews and Poles in the Holocaust Exhibitions of Kraków, 1980–2013 pp 1–35Cite as

Introduction

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Abstract

The last decades of the twentieth century witnessed the emergence of cosmopolitan memory of the Holocaust, which has the potential to promote the global human rights regime. It is often seen as an American/Western European invention which spread to the East after the fall of the Iron Curtain, to the clear benefit of local populations. Yet in Poland, commemorations of the victims, and sometimes also of the perpetrators, of the Jewish Genocide have been a far more complex process. This study demonstrates that remembrance of the Holocaust in Kraków followed the cosmopolitan path long before this became a global standard, and that it offered a critical reading of the Polish national past which challenged ethno-nationalist visions of history and of the nation. This chapter outlines the most salient aspects of the Kraków past, sets out the battlefield of Polish memory and defines the basic terms which inform the study.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r.”

  2. 2.

    Legutko, “Terapia.”

  3. 3.

    Aderet, “Israeli Guides.”

  4. 4.

    Charnysh and Finkel, “Poland’s new Holocaust law”: Heller and Goetting, “Israel and Poland.”

  5. 5.

    Appelbaum, “Ustawę.”

  6. 6.

    Wroński, “Skąd pośpiech.”

  7. 7.

    See, for example: Huener, Auschwitz; Kobylarz, Walka.

  8. 8.

    Suchodół, “Możliwości.”

  9. 9.

    Zubrzycki, “<<Oświęcim>>/<<Auschwitz>>.”

  10. 10.

    Gazur, “Muzeum Historyczne.”

  11. 11.

    Meng, Shattered Spaces; Macdonald, Memorylands; Ochman, “Memory of War.”

  12. 12.

    Guibernau, The identity.

  13. 13.

    Ochman, Post-Communist Poland, 8.

  14. 14.

    Zubrzycki, “Nationalism,” 69.

  15. 15.

    Loew, Gdańsk; Thum Obce Miasto.

  16. 16.

    Gryta, “Ragged houses.”

  17. 17.

    Holc, The Politics; Korzniewski, Transformacja Pamięci; Orla-Bukowska, “New Threads;” Szpociński, “Formy Przeszłości.”

  18. 18.

    Meng, Shattered Spaces, xii.

  19. 19.

    Kubicki, Miasto, 7. See also Dabrowski, “Commemorations.”

  20. 20.

    Niedźwiedź, “Mythical Vision,” 210.

  21. 21.

    Niedźwiedź, “Mythical Vision,” 201–209 and Dabrowski, Commemorations.

  22. 22.

    For example: Gruber, “Beyond,” 492–195, and see also Conclusion to the present book.

  23. 23.

    Galas and Polonsky, “Introduction,” 6.

  24. 24.

    Polonsky, The Jews, 110.

  25. 25.

    Galas and Polonsky, “Introduction,” 38.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., 22.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., 22.

  28. 28.

    Polonsky, The Jews, 140.

  29. 29.

    Kotarba, Niemiecki, 23–24.

  30. 30.

    Kotarba, Niemiecki, 23–24.

  31. 31.

    Galas and Polonsky, “Introduction,” 46.

  32. 32.

    Grądzka-Rejak, Kobieta żydowska; Rączy, Zagłada.

  33. 33.

    Chwalba, Kraków, 156.

  34. 34.

    Chwalba, Kraków, 158.

  35. 35.

    Chwalba, Kraków, 158.

  36. 36.

    See, for example: Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews.

  37. 37.

    Galas and Polonsky, “Introduction,” 46.

  38. 38.

    Gawron, “Społeczność Żydowska,” 115.

  39. 39.

    Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing, 84.

  40. 40.

    Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing, 63.

  41. 41.

    Halbwachs, The Collective Memory; Nora, “Between Memory and History;” Assmann, Cultural Memory; Smith and Alexander, “The Strong Program.”

  42. 42.

    Gillis, “Introduction.”

  43. 43.

    Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing, 16.

  44. 44.

    Michlic, “The Dark Past,” 21–22.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., 21.

  46. 46.

    Ibid., 21.

  47. 47.

    Ibid., 22; see also Zubrzycki, “Nationalism.”

  48. 48.

    Orla-Bukowska, “New Threads,” 181 and further, Nijakowski, Polska, 114–115.

  49. 49.

    Orla-Bukowska, “New Threads,” 179.

  50. 50.

    Korzeniewski, Transformacja Pamięci, 8.

  51. 51.

    Kobylarz, Walka, 224–227.

  52. 52.

    Szuchta, “From Silence to Recognition”; Kuwałek, “Obozy koncentracyjne”; Gryta, “Gedenkstätten.”

  53. 53.

    Zubrzycki, “<<Oświęcim>>/<<Auschwitz>>”, 21, Huener, Auschwitz.

  54. 54.

    Kobylarz, Walka.

  55. 55.

    Michlic, “The Dark Past,” 22.

  56. 56.

    Nijakowski, Polska, 193.

  57. 57.

    Korzeniewski, Transformacja Pamięci, 13–15, Orla-Bukowska, “New Threads,” 181–191.

  58. 58.

    Zubrzycki, The Crosses, 60 and further; Prażmowska, Poland, 201–203.

  59. 59.

    Kersten and Szapiro, “The Contexts,” 265.

  60. 60.

    Kersten, Polacy-Żydzi-Komunizm.

  61. 61.

    Kersten and Szapiro, “The Contexts,” 265.

  62. 62.

    Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, The Holocaust, 3.

  63. 63.

    Ochman, “The Search,” 518–519.

  64. 64.

    Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing, 86–89.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 75, 90.

  66. 66.

    Steinlauf, Bondage, 99 and further.

  67. 67.

    Ochman, Post-Communist Poland, 7, Orla-Bukowska, “Gentiles,” 199.

  68. 68.

    Kobylarz, Walka, 317.

  69. 69.

    Steinlauf, Bondage, 108.

  70. 70.

    Ochman, “The Search,” 520.

  71. 71.

    Steinlauf, Bondage, 112.

  72. 72.

    Wróbel, “Double Memory.”

  73. 73.

    For Błoński’s text and further debate see ed. Polonsky, My Brother’s Keeper?

  74. 74.

    Ibid., 1 and further.

  75. 75.

    Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing, 154.

  76. 76.

    Huener, Auschwitz, 132.

  77. 77.

    Kucia, “The Meanings,” 234–235.

  78. 78.

    Chichy, “Polacy – Żydzi.”

  79. 79.

    Polonsky, The Jews, 821.

  80. 80.

    Zubrzycki, The Crosses, 8–13.

  81. 81.

    Ochman, Post-Communist Poland, 3–37.

  82. 82.

    Zubrzycki, The Crosses, 13–14.

  83. 83.

    Zubrzycki, “<<Oświęcim>>/<<Auschwitz>>”, 34.

  84. 84.

    “Countries and Membership.”

  85. 85.

    Levy and Sznaider, The Holocaust, 5.

  86. 86.

    Mark, The Unfinished, 95.

  87. 87.

    Mark, The Unfinished, 95, Kucia, “The Europeanization,” 102 and further.

  88. 88.

    Gross, Sąsiedzi; for the discussion see Polonsky and Michlic, The Neighbors Respond.

  89. 89.

    Ochman, “Remembering,” 53.

  90. 90.

    Wolentarska-Ochman, “Collective Remembrance,” 170–171.

  91. 91.

    Michlic, “The Dark Past,” 27–34.

  92. 92.

    Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, “So Many Questions,” 274.

  93. 93.

    Szuchta, “From Silence,” 307.

  94. 94.

    Ibid., 312.

  95. 95.

    Holc, The Politics; Kobylarz, Walka; Steinlauf, Bondage; Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing; Michlic, “The Dark Past;” Orla-Bukowska, “New Threads.”

  96. 96.

    On a phrase ‘party-state’ see Zubrzycki, The Crosses, 61, see also: Prażmowska, Poland, 228–231.

  97. 97.

    Zubrzycki, The Crosses, p. 24.

  98. 98.

    For example: Orla-Bukowska, “New Threads,” 195–196, Ochman, “Soviet,” 516, Nijakowski, Polska Polityka Pamięci, 123.

  99. 99.

    Winter and Sivan, ‘Setting the Framework’; Halbwachs, The Collective Memory; Mälksoo, The Politics; Onken, “The Baltic States;” Korzeniewski, Transformacja; Winter, “Forms of Kinship;” Huener, Auschwitz; Young, At Memory’s Edge; Landsberg, Prosthetic Memory.

  100. 100.

    Assmann and Czaplicka, “Collective Memory,” 129 and further.

  101. 101.

    Winter and Sivan, “Setting,” 11.

  102. 102.

    Szacka, Czas Przeszły, 92–95.

  103. 103.

    Irwin-Zarecka, Neutralizing, 104.

  104. 104.

    Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, “The politics.”

  105. 105.

    Kucia, “The Europeanization;” Sierp and Wüstenberg, “Linking” Mark, The Unfinished.

  106. 106.

    Czaplicka, “Conclusion,” 379.

  107. 107.

    Meng, Shattered Spaces, 82–83.

  108. 108.

    Czaplicka, “Conclusion,” 401.

  109. 109.

    Macdonald, Memorylands, p. 93.

  110. 110.

    Ochman, Post-Communist Poland, 5.

  111. 111.

    Ochman, Post-Communist Poland, 5.

  112. 112.

    Szacka, Czas przeszły, 92–94.

  113. 113.

    Gillis, “Introduction,” 3.

  114. 114.

    For example: Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, “The Museum;” Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Destination Culture; Macdonald, “Museums;” Starn, “A Historian’s Brief Guide;” Williams, Memorial Museums; Moore, Museums; Gruber, “Post-Trauma;” Winter, “Museums;” Bennett, The Birth; Witcombe, Re-imagining.

  115. 115.

    See, for example, Witcombe, Re-imagining, 13–26.

  116. 116.

    Bennett, The Birth, 36.

  117. 117.

    Prösler, “Museum,” 22.

  118. 118.

    Bennet, The Birth, 61.

  119. 119.

    Ziębińska-Witek, Historia, 55.

  120. 120.

    Macdonald, Museums, p. 4.

  121. 121.

    Ibidem, p. 5.

  122. 122.

    Witcombe, Re-imagining, 13 and further.

  123. 123.

    Witcombe, Re-imagining, 8.

  124. 124.

    See, for example, Burke, “We, the People,” 239; Arnold, History, 117–118. Macdonald, Museums, p. 5.

  125. 125.

    Vergo, “Introduction,” 3–4; Starn, “A Historian’s Brief Guide,” 71.

  126. 126.

    Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, The Museum as Catalys, p. 4.

  127. 127.

    Ziębińska-Witek, Historia, p. 38.

  128. 128.

    Prösler, “Museum and Globalisation,” p. 22, Macdonald, Museums, p. 6.

  129. 129.

    Macdonald, “Museums,” 6.

  130. 130.

    Crane, “Memory”, 45.

  131. 131.

    Jones, The Media, 36.

  132. 132.

    See, for example, Selwyn, “Introduction;” Wang, “Rethinking Authenticity;” Labadi, “World Heritage.”

  133. 133.

    See Bruner, “Abraham Lincoln.”

  134. 134.

    Grazian, Demystifying, 191–192.

  135. 135.

    Jones, The Media, 41–42.

  136. 136.

    Jones, “Memory on Film,” 196.

  137. 137.

    Ibid., 196.

  138. 138.

    Jones, The Media, 42.

  139. 139.

    Gryta, “The Politics.”

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    Janek Gryta

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Gryta, J. (2020). Introduction. In: Jews and Poles in the Holocaust Exhibitions of Kraków, 1980–2013. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38979-6_1

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