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Pediatric Gender Identity pp 15–31Cite as

Epidemiology of Pediatric Gender Identity

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Abstract

Recent studies have estimated that approximately 1–2% of young people in the United States identify as transgender or gender diverse (TGD). Studies of prepubertal youth come primarily from gender clinic-referred populations, which have found an overrepresentation of birth-assigned males at this stage of development. Notably, it is unclear if these gender clinic-referred youth truly identified as TGD or if they were referred to gender identity clinics due to parental discomfort with gender diverse behaviors. As these children approach adolescence, the ratio of birth-assigned males to birth-assigned females approaches 1:1 in clinic-referred cohorts. The natural history of gender identity in TGD youth is understudied, and it is currently unclear how many TGD prepubertal youth will continue to identify as such into adolescence onward. However, for TGD youth who identify as such following the onset of puberty, existing literature suggests the vast majority continue to identify as TGD in adulthood. TGD youth suffer disproportionate rates of adverse mental and physical health outcomes, driven primarily by societal stigma and minority stress. Emerging research suggests that these adverse outcomes can be mitigated by accepting social environments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Mamatha Challa

  2. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Caroline Scott

  3. Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jack L. Turban

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  1. Mamatha Challa
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  2. Caroline Scott
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  3. Jack L. Turban
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Correspondence to Jack L. Turban .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Michelle Forcier

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Gerrit Van Schalkwyk

  3. Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jack L. Turban

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Challa, M., Scott, C., Turban, J.L. (2020). Epidemiology of Pediatric Gender Identity. In: Forcier, M., Van Schalkwyk, G., Turban, J. (eds) Pediatric Gender Identity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38909-3_2

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