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Extrasolar Enigmas: From Disintegrating Exoplanets to Exoasteroids

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Abstract

Thousands of transiting exoplanets have been discovered to date, thanks in great part to the Kepler space mission. As in all populations, and certainly in the case of exoplanets, one finds unique objects with distinct characteristics. Here we will describe the properties and behaviour of a small group of ‘disintegrating’ exoplanets discovered over the last few years (KIC 12557548b, K2-22b, and others). They evaporate, lose mass unraveling their naked cores, produce spectacular dusty comet-like tails, and feature highly variable asymmetric transits. Apart from these exoplanets, there is observational evidence for even smaller ‘exo-’objects orbiting other stars: exoasteroids and exocomets. Most probably, such objects are also behind the mystery of Boyajian’s star. Ongoing and upcoming space missions such as TESS and PLATO will hopefully discover more objects of this kind, and a new era of the exploration of small extrasolar systems bodies will be upon us.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.superwasp.org.

  2. 2.

    Note that the abundances are defined, using the element number density N, as the number of atoms of an element per 1012 atoms of hydrogen (\(\log N/H+12\)). The present-day solar photospheric abundances are generally in a good agreement with the abundances derived from the CI carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, except for a few elements such as H, He, and Li.

  3. 3.

    In this context ‘monochromatic’ means transits that are observed in only a single waveband.

  4. 4.

    BKJD stands for the Kepler Barycentric Julian day which is a Julian Day minus 2454833.

  5. 5.

    According to [103] the 0.88 day periodicity may come from a different source, not from the target star.

  6. 6.

    https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess/observing-technical.html.

  7. 7.

    http://sci.esa.int/ariel/59798-summary/.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. Saul Rappaport for carefully reviewing the manuscript and his help with several sections. We acknowledge the ERASMUS+ project ‘Per aspera ad astra simul’ under number 2017-1-CZ01-KA203-035562 which funded the mobilities of the authors. Apart from that Jan Budaj thanks for support the VEGA 2/0031/18 and APVV 15-0458 grants. Petr Kabáth acknowledges the support of GACR grant number 17-01752J. Enric Palle is partly financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness through projects ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R and PGC2018-098153-B-C31.

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  1. Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranska Lomnica, Slovakia

    Jan Budaj

  2. Astronomical Institute of Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic

    Petr Kabáth

  3. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

    Enric Palle

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  1. Jan Budaj
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  1. Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondrejov, Czech Republic

    Petr Kabáth

  2. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain

    David Jones

  3. Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

    Marek Skarka

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Budaj, J., Kabáth, P., Palle, E. (2020). Extrasolar Enigmas: From Disintegrating Exoplanets to Exoasteroids. In: Kabáth, P., Jones, D., Skarka, M. (eds) Reviews in Frontiers of Modern Astrophysics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38509-5_3

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