Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immigration Federalism, Multinational States and Subnational Communities: Comparing Flanders and Quebec

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Federalism and National Diversity in the 21st Century

Part of the book series: Federalism and Internal Conflicts ((FEINCO))

Abstract

This chapter compares the dynamics of international migration in two multinational federations—Belgium and Canada—with an eye to highlighting arguments in favour and against ‘immigration federalism’ in two subnational communities: Flanders and Quebec. In brief, the chapter’s comparison shows that Flemish and Québécois political elites have deployed different approaches to using immigrant integration regulation as a way of strengthening their respective claims for recognising cultural and linguistic diversity along national lines as well as for influencing the balance of power between subnational and national jurisdictions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The adjective ‘subnational’ refers to the multilevel structure of the state and to the fact that entities exist below the state (national/federal) level. However, it does not imply a particular inferiority or a hierarchy between the governance levels (Barker 2015, 11).

  2. 2.

    In Quebec, the Parti Québécois has long been the source of nationalist political mobilisation within the province, while the Bloc Québécois has served this function in the federal political arena. In Flanders, the mantle of nationalist political mobilisation has fallen to different political parties over the years: Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest), Volksunie (People’s Union) and Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (New Flemish Alliance). Furthermore, in both cases, national mobilisation has been based on a sense of cultural insecurity, historical grievances and a quest for language recognition (Erk 2002).

  3. 3.

    In multinational societies where subnational communities (SNCs) seek greater autonomy or are marked by nationalist mobilisation (Keating 1996, 2001; Guibernau 1999), immigration might be considered either a threat or an opportunity because the arrival of newcomers may alter the composition of multinational federations and disturb the balance of power between minority national and majority national communities (Carens 1995; Kymlicka 2001; Gagnon and Iacovino 2007; Zapata-Barrero 2009). For example, immigration might increase the relative demographic strength of the subnational community vis-à-vis the national majority community; yet, it might also weaken the subnational community’s cultural or linguistic cohesion. In the literature, scholars have referred to this situation as a ‘dilemma’ (Barker 2015; Xhardez 2017) or a ‘legitimation paradox’ (Adam 2013a; Jeram et al. 2016). Consequently, immigration and immigrant integration are key areas for SNCs that seek to control their destinies (Kymlicka 2001; Barker 2015). The ‘dilemma’ generated by the arrival of newcomers in the two SNCs under examination in this chapter is, to some degree, rooted in a fear that immigrants would rather join ‘the culturally more dominant side (Anglophone in Canada, Francophones in Belgium)’ (Erk 2014, 226).

  4. 4.

    To be clear, there are also important differences between the cases. For example, the electoral regimes of the SNCs differ: Flanders has a proportional representation system (Deschouwer 2012) while Quebec has a first-past-the-post electoral system (Blais 2008). There is also a difference in jurisdictional competence with regard to immigration: Quebec has its own devolved immigration policy whereas Flanders only has control over immigrant integration policies. Both SNCs also differ in terms of their demographic weight within their respective federation; Flanders represents a state-wide demographic majority (Swenden 2014, 245) whereas Quebec constitutes a demographic minority in Canada. These differences and their consequences on the immigration federalism debate are further discussed in this chapter’s conclusion.

  5. 5.

    The original decree (regional law) regulating civic integration in Flanders was passed in 2003 and implemented in 2004, amended several times (2006, 2008 and 2009) and finally replaced by a new decree in 2013. Decreet van 28 februari 2003 betreffende het Vlaamse inburgeringsbeleid; Decreet van 7 juni 2013 betreffende het Vlaamse integratie- en inburgeringsbeleid.

  6. 6.

    Focusing on political actors’ arguments, computer-aided qualitative data analysis software (Atlas.ti) allowed for the consistent analysis of large amounts of texts, coding various quotations and developing networks of quotations (Kelle et al. 1995). While this method is exploratory and inherently contains a subjectivity factor (Gerring 2017, 20), the chapter includes a large number of quotations to illustrate and justify this analysis.

  7. 7.

    Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27.

  8. 8.

    Loi no. 75 créant un Ministère de l’Immigration du Québec (Assentiment royal 04.12.1968)/Bill 75 creating a Quebec Ministry of Immigration (Royal Assent 4.12.1968).

  9. 9.

    The 1991 Agreement is also known as the Gagnon-Tremblay/McDougall Accord.

  10. 10.

    While the admission of refugees after an asylum claim is decided by the federal government, the province is responsible for the admission of government-assisted refugees and privately sponsored refugees. Quebec is the only Canadian province to have a prerogative regarding the selection of resettled refugees (Garnier 2018, 120).

  11. 11.

    The Belgian case also differs from the Canadian case in that immigration policies are strongly influenced and constrained by European or international law, for example regarding family reunification or asylum (Carlier 2010).

  12. 12.

    Ilke Adam identifies substate nationalism as a key variable that can explain these policy developments (Adam 2013b). Historically, compared to the other Belgian subnational entities in charge of immigrant integration, Flanders (through the Flemish Community) has developed more policy instruments, has devoted more budgetary means and has had more centralised integration policies (Adam et al. 2018).

  13. 13.

    All translations are mine. Monique Gagnon-Tremblay (PLQ ), June 11, 2003, Assemblée nationale, vol. 38, no. 5.

  14. 14.

    Fatima Houda-Pepin (PLQ ), May 8, 2001, Commission culture, vol. 37, no. 7.

  15. 15.

    Yvan Bordeleau (PLQ ), June 10, 2002, Assemblée nationale, vol. 38, no. 4; Kathleen Weil (PLQ ), April 20, 2011, Commission des relations avec les citoyens, vol. 42, no. 8.

  16. 16.

    François Beaulne (PQ ), April 21, 1999, Commission de la culture, vol. 36, no. 4.

  17. 17.

    Joseph Facal (PQ ), May 8, 2001, Commission de la culture, vol. 37, no. 7.

  18. 18.

    Emilien Pelletier (PQ ), February 11, 2003, Commission des relations avec les citoyens, vol. 43, no. 2.

  19. 19.

    Martin Lemay (PQ ), September 18, 2007, Commission de la culture, vol. 40, no. 7.

  20. 20.

    Lucie Papineau (PQ ), April 6, 2004, Assemblée nationale, vol. 35, no. 58; Martin Lemay (PQ ), June 8, 2007, Commission de la culture, vol. 40, no. 3.

  21. 21.

    Martin Lemay (PQ ), October 11, 2007, Commission de la culture, vol. 40, no. 14.

  22. 22.

    Robert Perreault (PQ ), September 13, 2000, Commission de la culture, vol. 36, no. 43; Louise Harel (PQ ), May 15, 2007, Assemblée nationale, vol. 40, no. 4.

  23. 23.

    Maka Kotto (PQ ), February 9, 2011, Assemblée nationale, vol. 41, no. 170; see also: February 10, 2011, Assemblée nationale, vol. 41, no. 171; April 20, 2011, Commission des relations avec les citoyens, vol. 42, no. 8; May 3, 2011, Commission des institutions, vol. 42, no. 18.

  24. 24.

    Fatima Houda-Pepin (PLQ ), May 8, 2001, Commission de la culture, vol. 37, no. 7.

  25. 25.

    Yvan Bordeleau (PLQ ), November 14, 2001, Assemblée nationale, vol. 37, no. 56.

  26. 26.

    Benoît Pelletier (PLQ ), November 14, 2001, Assemblée nationale, vol. 37, no. 56.

  27. 27.

    Pierre Marsan (PLQ ), November 7, 2007, Assemblée nationale, vol. 40, no. 36; Kathleen Weil (PLQ ), February 9, 2011, Assemblée nationale, vol. 41, no. 170; February 4, 2012, Assemblée nationale, vol. 42, no. 92.

  28. 28.

    See for example: November 14, 2001, Assemblée nationale, vol. 37, no. 56; July 9, 2003, Commission de la culture, vol. 38, no. 5; May 27, 2004, Assemblée nationale, vol. 38, no. 78.

  29. 29.

    André Denys (VLD ), January 28, 2003, Commissie voor Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Gelijke Kansen, 1129-7; see also: Marino Keulen (VLD ), December 6, 2004, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, 15–7.

  30. 30.

    Marino Keulen (VLD ), March 16, 2006, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, C180-WON14; December 6, 2004, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, 15–7.

  31. 31.

    Chokri Mahassine (sp.a ), February 23, 2005, Vlaams Parlement, 84.

  32. 32.

    Cathy Berx (CD&V ), December 19, 2006, Vlaams Parlement, 14, 15, 965, 1030.

  33. 33.

    Marijke Dillen (VB), January 28, 2003, Commissie voor Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Gelijke Kansen, 1129–7.

  34. 34.

    Filip Dewinter (VB), October 6, 2009, Commissie voor bestuurszaken, binnenlands bestuur, decreetsevaluatie, inburgering en tourism, C4-BIN1.

  35. 35.

    Joris Van Hauthem (VB), March 16, 2010, Commissie voor bestuurszaken, binnenlands bestuur, decreetsevaluatie, inburgering en tourism, C159-BIN13; see also for example Rob Verreycken (VB), December 6, 2004, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, 15–7; Win Van Dijck (VB), June 28, 2006, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, 850–8; Filip Dewinter (VB), June 30, 2010, Vlaams Parlement, 350.

  36. 36.

    Rob Verreycken (VB), December 6, 2004, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, 15–7.

  37. 37.

    Boudewijn Bouckaert (LDD), June 30, 2010, Vlaams Parlement, 350.

  38. 38.

    Kris Van Dijck (VU -N-VA ), February 12, 2003, Vlaams Parlement, 21.

  39. 39.

    In Dutch, “dansen op één been”; see, for example: Bart De Wever (N-VA ), June 2, 2005, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, C225-WON18; March 16, 2006, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, C180-WON14.

  40. 40.

    In Dutch, “lopen op één been”; Bart De Wever (N-VA ), December 6, 2004, Commissie voor wonen, stedelijk beleid, inburgering en gelijke kansen, 15–7.

  41. 41.

    Geert Bourgeois (N-VA ), June 30, 2010, Vlaams Parlement, 350 (2009–2010); see also: March 16, 2010, Commissie voor bestuurszaken, binnenlands bestuur, decreetsevaluatie, inburgering en tourism, C159-BIN13; March 30, 2010, Commissie voor bestuurszaken, binnenlands bestuur, decreetsevaluatie, inburgering en tourism, C81-BIN14.

  42. 42.

    In Dutch, the idiom used is ‘we weten dat Vlaanderen niet aan alle knoppen draait’; Geert Bourgeois (N-VA ), February 25, 2014, Commissie voor bestuurszaken, binnenlands bestuur, decreetsevaluatie, inburgering en tourism, COM140-BIN9, October 16, 2013, Commissie voor Brussel en de Vlaamse Rand, COM28-BRU2.

  43. 43.

    In the ‘center-periphery’ cleavage—initially framed by Stein Rokkan (1970/2009)—the ‘center’ represents the (central) state while the ‘periphery’ refers to the subnational community. In the context of party mobilisation, it opposes political parties advocating and mobilising for the ‘periphery’ to others (see Hepburn 2009).

  44. 44.

    See the most recent attempt at the House of Commons of Canada: Bill C-421, An Act to amend the Citizenship Act (adequate knowledge of French in Quebec), introduced by Mario Beaulieu (first reading, November 1, 2018).

  45. 45.

    Theo Francken, a senior figure in the Flemish Nationalist party N-VA, was the state secretary for asylum and migration. However, the N-VA finally withdrew its support of the country’s government coalition in December 2018 as the Nationalists refused to support the United Nations’ Migration Pact which was going to be endorsed by the Belgian state, provoking the fall of the federal government.

References

  • Abts, Koen, Emmanuel Dalle Mulle, and Rudi Laermans. 2019. Beyond Issue Diversification: N-VA and the Communitarisation of Political, Economic and Cultural Conflicts in Belgium. West European Politics 42 (4): 848–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1576407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adam, Ilke. 2013a. Les Entités fédérées belges et l’intégration des immigrés: politiques publiques comparées. Science Politique. Bruxelles, Belgique: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013b. Immigrant Integration Policies of the Belgian Regions: Sub-State Nationalism and Policy Divergence after Devolution. Regional & Federal Studies 23 (5): 547–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2013.789024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adam, Ilke, and Dirk Jacobs. 2014. Divided on Immigration, Two Models for Integration. The Multilevel Governance of Immigration and Integration in Belgium. In The Politics of Immigration in Multi-Level States. Governance and Political Parties, ed. Eve Hepburn and Ricard Zapata-Barrero, 65–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, Ilke, and Marco Martiniello. 2013. Divergences et convergences des politiques d’intégration dans la Belgique multinationale. Le cas des parcours d’intégration pour les immigrés. Revue européenne des migrations internationales 29 (2): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.6404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adam, Ilke, Marco Martiniello, and Andrea Rea. 2018. Regional Divergence in the Integration Policy in Belgium. One Country, Three Integration Programs, One Citizenship Law. In Governing Diversity. Migrant Integration and Multiculturalism in North America and Europe, ed. Andrea Rea, Emmanuelle Bribosia, Isabelle Rorive, and Djordje Sredanovic, 235–255. Brussels: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baglay, Sasha, and Delphine Nakache. 2014a. Immigration Federalism in Canada: Provincial and Territorial Nominee Programs (PTNPs). In Immigration Regulation in Federal States, ed. Sasha Baglay and Delphine Nakache, 95–116. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • ———, eds. 2014b. Immigration Regulation in Federal States. International Perspectives on Migration. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8604-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Fiona. 2007. Redefining the Nation: Sub-State Nationalism and the Political Challenges of Immigrant Integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Learning to Be a Majority: Negotiating Immigration, Integration and National Membership in Quebec. Political Science 62 (1): 11–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032318710370585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Nationalism, Identity and the Governance of Diversity. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137339317.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, Éric, Frédérick Bastien, and François Gélineau, eds. 2013. Les Québécois aux urnes: Les partis, Les médias et les citoyens en campagne. Paramètres. Montréal: Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, Éric, Richard Nadeau, Ailsa Henderson, and Eve Hepburn. 2018. The National Question and Electoral Politics in Quebec and Scotland. Democracy, Diversity, and Citizen Engagement Series 3. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyens, Stefanie, Kris Deschouwer, Emilie van Haute, and Tom Verthé. 2017. Born Again, or Born Anew: Assessing the Newness of the Belgian New-Flemish Alliance (N-VA). Party Politics 23 (4): 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815601347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blais, André, ed. 2008. To Keep or to Change First Past the Post? The Politics of Electoral Reform. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, Gérard. 2011. What Is Interculturalism. McGill Law Journal 56 (2): 435–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caestecker, Frank, Bernadette Renauld, Nicolas Perrin, and Thierry Eggerickx. 2016. Belg worden de geschiedenis van de Belgische nationaliteitsverwerving sinds 1830. Mechelen: Wolters Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carens, Joseph H. 1995. Immigration, Political Community, and the Transformation of Identity: Quebec’s Immigration Politics in Critical Perspective. In Is Quebec Nationalism Just?: Perspectives from Anglophone Canada, ed. Joseph H. Carens, 20–81. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlier, Jean-Yves, ed. 2010. L’étranger face au droit. Bibliothèque de la Faculté de droit de l’Université Catholique de Louvain 49. Brussels: Bruylant.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouinard, Tommy. 2018. C’est la “question de l’urne”, dit Couillard. La Presse, September 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, Jan, and Mieke Van De Putte. 2007. De bevoegdheidsverdeling inzake vreemdelingen en allochtonen. In Burgerschap, inburgering, migratie, ed. Frank Judo and Godfried Geudens, 27–46. Brussels: Larcier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, Dominique. 2006. La Politique d’immigration du Québec. In Politiques publiques: Le Québec comparé, ed. Jean Crête, 43–69. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Galembert, Claire, Olivier Rozenberg, and Cécile Vigour, eds. 2014. Faire parler le parlement. Méthodes et enjeux de l’analyse des débats parlementaires pour les sciences sociales. Droit et Société. Recherches et Travaux. Paris: LGDJ – Lextenso.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Winter, Lieven. 2006. Multi-Level Party Competition and Coordination in Belgium. In Devolution and Electoral Politics, 76–95. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Winter, Lieven, Marc Swyngedouw, and Patrick Dumont. 2006. Party System(s) and Electoral Behaviour in Belgium: From Stability to Balkanisation. West European Politics 29 (5): 933–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600968836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deschouwer, Kris. 2009. The Rise and Fall of the Belgian Regionalist Parties. Regional & Federal Studies 19 (4–5): 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560903310279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. The Politics of Belgium. 2nd ed. Comparative Government and Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dion, Mathieu. 2018. La CAQ et l’immigration: Huit questions à François Legault. Radio-Canada, mai 2018. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1101318/caq-immigration-francois-legault-questions-mathieu-dion.

  • Erk, Jan. 2002. Le Québec entre la Flandre et la Wallonie: Une comparaison des nationalismes sous-étatiques belges et du nationalisme québécois. Recherches sociographiques 43 (3): 499. https://doi.org/10.7202/000609ar.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. From Vlaams Blok to Vlaams Belang: The Belgian Far-Right Renames Itself. West European Politics 28 (3): 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380500085681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. FPTP Ain’t All That Bad: Nationalist Parties, Immigrants, and Electoral Systems in Québec and Flanders. In The Politics of Immigration in Multi-Level States, ed. Eve Hepburn and Ricard Zapata-Barrero, 223–2406. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, Bernard, and Min Reuchamps, eds. 2009. Le Fédéralisme en Belgique et au Canada: comparaison sociopolitique. 1st ed. Ouvertures sociologiques. Bruxelles: De Boeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, Alain-G., and Jean-Denis Garon. 2019. Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Asymmetries in the Canada Federation: An Exploration into the Policy Fields of Immigration and Manpower Training. A Country Study on Constitutional Asymmetry in Canada. In Constitutional Asymmetry in Multinational Federalism, ed. Patricia Popelier and Maja Sahadžić, 77–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11701-6_4.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, Alain-G., and Raffaele Iacovino. 2007. Federalism, Citizenship and Quebec. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442688094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, Alain-G., and Jean-Charles St-Louis, eds. 2016. Les conditions du dialogue au Québec: laïcité, réciprocité, pluralisme. Collection Débats. Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, Alain-G., Micheline Milot, Leslie Seidle, and François Boucher. 2014. Rapport présenté au Ministère de l’immigration, de la diversité et de l’inclusion en vue d’élaborer un nouvel énoncé de politique. Montréal. http://www.midi.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/recherches-statistiques/ETU_AmenagDiversite_GagnonMilotSeidleBoucher.pdf.

  • Ganty, Sarah, and Pauline Delgrange. 2015. Heurs et malheurs des parcours d’accueil et d’intégration des étrangers en Belgique. Revue du droit des étrangers (185): 511–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnier, Adele. 2018. Resettled Refugees and Work in Canada and Quebec: Humanitarianism and the Challenge of Mainstream Socioeconomic Participation. In Refugee Resettlement: Power, Politics, and Humanitarian Governance, ed. Adele Garnier, Liliana Lyra Jubilut, and Kristin Bergtora Sandvik, 118–138. Studies in Forced Migration 38. New York: Berghahn Books.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Garon, Francis. 2015. Policy-Making for Immigration and Integration in Québec: Degenerative Politics or Business as Usual? Policy Studies 36 (5): 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2015.1089984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerring, John. 2017. Qualitative Methods. Annual Review of Political Science 20 (1): 15–36. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-092415-024158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, Sara Wallace. 2010. Integration Requirements for Integration’s Sake? Identifying, Categorising and Comparing Civic Integration Policies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (5): 753–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003764300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Civic Integration and Membership Politics in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Guibernau, Montserrat. 1999. Nations Without States: Political Communities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulasekaram, Pratheepan, and S. Karthick Ramakrishnan. 2015. The New Immigration Federalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, Freda. 1988. Canada and Immigration: Public Policy and Public Concern. 2nd ed. Canadian Public Administration Series. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, Eve. 2009. Introduction: Re-Conceptualizing Sub-State Mobilization. Regional & Federal Studies 19 (4–5): 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560903310204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. “Citizens of the Region”: Party Conceptions of Regional Citizenship and Immigrant Integration. European Journal of Political Research 50 (4): 504–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01940.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, Eve, and Ricard Zapata-Barrero, eds. 2014. The Politics of Immigration in Multi-Level States. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137358530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1992. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Houle, France. 2014. Implementing Québec Intercultural Policy Through the Selection of Immigrants. In Immigration Regulation in Federal States, ed. Sasha Baglay and Delphine Nakache, 117–138. International Perspectives on Migration. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Iacovino, Raffaele. 2015. Contextualizing the Quebec Charter of Values: Belonging Without Citizenship in Quebec. Canadian Ethnic Studies 47 (1): 41–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatieff, Michael. 1994. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, Dirk. 2004. Alive and Kicking? Multiculturalism in Flanders. JMS: International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6 (2): 280–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeram, Sanjay, and Eleni Nicolaides. 2018, July 1–21. Intergovernmental Relations on Immigrant Integration in Canada: Insights from Quebec, Manitoba, and Ontario. Regional & Federal Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2018.1491841.

  • Jeram, Sanjay, Arno van der Zwet, and Verena Wisthaler. 2016. Friends or Foes? Migrants and Sub-State Nationalists in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (8): 1229–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1082286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonghe, Delphine de, and Marie Doutrepont. 2012. Obtention de la nationalité et volonté d’intégration. Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP 2152–2153 (27): 1. https://doi.org/10.3917/cris.2152.0005.

  • Joppke, Christian. 2004. The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy. The British Journal of Sociology 55 (2): 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00017.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Beyond National Models: Civic Integration Policies for Immigrants in Western Europe. West European Politics 30 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380601019613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. Civic Integration in Western Europe: Three Debates. West European Politics 40 (6): 1153–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1303252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joppke, Christian, and F.L. Seidle, eds. 2012. Immigrant Integration in Federal Countries. Thematic Issues in Federalism 2. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmis, Dimitrios, and Alain-G. Gagnon. 1996. Fédéralisme et identités collectives au Canada et en Belgique: des itinéraires différents, une fragmentation similaire. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique 29 (3): 435–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keating, Michael. 1996. Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. Basingstoke; New York: Macmillan St Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001. Plurinational Democracy: Stateless Nations in a Post-Sovereignty Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kelle, Udo, Gerald Prein, and Katherine Bird. 1995. Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. 2010. The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostakopoulou, Dora. 2010. The Anatomy of Civic Integration: The Anatomy of Civic Integration. The Modern Law Review 73 (6): 933–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2010.00825.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostov, Chris. 2008. Canada-Quebec Immigration Agreements (1971–1991) and Their Impact on Federalism. American Review of Canadian Studies 38 (1): 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722010809481822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kymlicka, Will. 2001. Immigrant Integration and Minority Nationalism. In Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, ed. Michael Keating and John McGarry, 61–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199242143.003.0004.

  • Labelle, Micheline. 2015. Politique d’immigration au Québec. In L’Encyclopédie canadienne. Toronto: Historica. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/politique-dimmigration-du-quebec.

  • Laxer, Emily, Rachael Dianne Carson, and Anna C. Korteweg. 2014. Articulating Minority Nationhood: Cultural and Political Dimensions in Québec’s Reasonable Accommodation Debate. Nations and Nationalism 20 (1): 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loobuyck, Patrick, and Dirk Jacobs. 2010. Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Integration Policy in Belgium and Flanders. Canadian Journal for Social Research/Revue canadienne de recherche sociale 3 (1): 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, Philipp. 2019, April. Reassessing the Gap-Hypothesis: Tough Talk and Weak Action in Migration Policy? Party Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068819840776.

  • Martiniello, Marco. 1995. Philosophies de l’intégration en Belgique. Hommes et migrations 1193 (1): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.3406/homig.1995.2569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martiniello, Marco, and Andrea Rea. 2004. Affirmative Action: des discours, des politiques et des pratiques en débat. Collection Carrefours 2. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, Paul. 2016. Ideological Justifications for Restrictive Immigration Policies: An Analysis of Parliamentary Discourses on Immigration in France and Canada (2006–2013). French Politics 14 (3): 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-016-0004-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montigny, Éric, and François Gélineau. 2019. Boussole électorale et configuration d’un système partisan: le cas du Québec. In Démocratie(s), parlementarismes(s) et légitimité(s)/Democracy(ies), Parliamentarism(s) and Legitimacy(ies), ed. Philippe Poirier and Nadim Fahrat, 163–184. Brussels: Bruylant.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, Lina. 2012. Policy Innovation or Vertical Integration? A View of Immigration Federalism from the States. Law & Policy 34 (2): 113–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, Leigh, and Jane Warren. 2009. Language, Citizenship and Identity in Quebec. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paquet, Mireille. 2016. La fédéralisation de l’immigration au Canada. Collection Politique mondiale. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2019. Province-Building and the Federalization of Immigration in Canada. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels, Teun. 2011. Explaining the Strange Decline of the Populist Radical Right Vlaams Belang in Belgium: The Impact of Permanent Opposition. Acta Politica 46 (1): 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2010.17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilet, Jean-Benoit. 2005. The Adaptation of the Electoral System to the Ethno-Linguistic Evolution of Belgian Consociationalism. Ethnopolitics 4 (4): 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449050500348642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, Johanne. 2009. Le partage des compétences et les relations intergouvernementales: la situation au Canada. In Le Fédéralisme en Belgique et au Canada, ed. Bernard Fournier and Min Reuchamps, 107–122. Bruxelles: De Boeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pommée, Yanaël. 2017. Parcours d’intégration en communauté germanophone: de la construction d’un problème public à l’analyse d’une politique d’intégration. Master Thesis, Louvain-la-Neuve: UCLouvain, FOPES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proksch, Sven-Oliver, and Jonathan B. Slapin. 2015. The Politics of Parliamentary Debate: Parties, Rebels, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139680752.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reichhold, Stephan. 2016. L’accueil et l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants au Québec: particularités du cadre juridique et financier des mesures d’intégration, Public conference. Toronto: The Glendon School of Public and International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • RepResent, Consortium EOS. 2019, June 4. Les flamands et les wallons ont voté pour des partis différents le 26 mai – mais leurs avis divergent moins sur les politiques publiques qu’ils souhaitent. CEVIPOL (blog). http://cevipol.ulb.ac.be/sites/default/files/20190605_note_for_the_media_flamands_et_wallons_ont_vote_differemment_br_v2_compl.pdf.

  • Rodriguez, Cristina. 2018. Enforcement, Integration, and the Future of Immigration Federalism. Journal on Migration and Human Security 5 (2): 509–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rokkan, Stein. 2009. Citizens, Elections, Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development. ECPR Press Classics. Colchester: ECPR Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romainville, Céline. 2015. Dynamics of Belgian Plurinational Federalism: A Small State Under Pressure. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 38 (2): 225–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schertzer, Robert. 2015. Intergovernmental Relations in Canada’s Immigration System: From Bilateralism Towards Multilateral Collaboration. Canadian Journal of Political Science 48 (2): 383–412. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000842391500027X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Vivien A. 2008. Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse. Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Taking Ideas and Discourse Seriously: Explaining Change Through Discursive Institutionalism as the Fourth “New Institutionalism”. European Political Science Review 2 (1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175577390999021X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, Richard. 1990. Why Did the Meech Lake Accord Fail? In Canada: The State of the Federation, 15–40. Institute of Intergovernmental Relations: Kingston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, Peter J. 2001. Fédéralisme et immigration: modèles et tendances. Revue internationale des sciences sociales 167 (1): 71. https://doi.org/10.3917/riss.167.0071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strazzari, Davide. 2012. The Scope and the Legal Limits of the “Immigration Federalism”: Some Comparative Remarks from the American, Belgian and the Italian Experiences. European Journal of Legal Studies 5 (2): 95–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenden, W. 2014. Federalism and Regionalism in Western Europe: A Comparative and Thematic Analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenden, Wilfried, Marleen Brans, and Lieven De Winter. 2006. The Politics of Belgium: Institutions and Policy Under Bipolar and Centrifugal Federalism. West European Politics 29 (5): 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600968729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teney, Céline, and Dirk Jacobs. 2007. Le droit de vote des étrangers en Belgique: le cas de Bruxelles. Migrations Société 114 (6): 151–168. https://doi.org/10.3917/migra.114.0151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tessier, Kevin. 1995. Immigration and the Crisis in Federalism: A Comparison of the United States and Canada. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 3: 211–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessier, Charles, and Éric Montigny. 2016. Untangling Myths and Facts: Who Supported the Québec Charter of Values? French Politics 14 (2): 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2016.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, Arjun. 2019. Diversity in Decline?: The Rise of the Political Right and the Fate of Multiculturalism. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02299-0.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Varsanyi, Monica W., Paul G. Lewis, Doris Marie Provine, and Scott Decker. 2012. A Multilayered Jurisdictional Patchwork: Immigration Federalism in the United States. Law & Policy 34 (2): 138–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vineberg, Robert. 1987. Federal-Provincial Relations in Canadian Immigration. Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 30 (2): 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1987.tb00085.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vliegenthart, Rens. 2007. Framing Immigration and Integration: Facts, Parliament, Media and Anti-Immigrant Party Support in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/13082/5/8067.pdf.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wodak, Ruth, and Teun A. van Dijk, eds. 2000. Racism at the Top: Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European States. The Investigation, Explanation and Countering of Xenophobia and Racism, v. 2. Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woehrling, José. 2000. Les droits et libertés dans la construction de la citoyenneté, au Canada et au Québec. In Droits fondamentaux et citoyenneté, ed. Michel Coutu, Pierre Bosset, Caroline Gendreau, and Daniel Villeneuve, 269–302. Montréal: Thémis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xhardez, Catherine. 2016, October. The Integration of New Immigrants in Brussels: An Institutional and Political Puzzle. Brussels Studies. https://doi.org/10.4000/brussels.1434.

  • ———. 2017. Intégrer pour exister? Nationalisme sous-étatique et intégration des immigrés en Flandre et au Québec. Paris; Bruxelles: Sciences Po Paris & Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, ed. 2009. Immigration and Self-Government of Minority Nations. Collection Diversitas, no. 3. Brussels; New York: P.I.E. Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Catherine Xhardez

Authors
  1. Catherine Xhardez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine Xhardez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada

    Alain-G. Gagnon

  2. Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada

    Arjun Tremblay

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Xhardez, C. (2020). Immigration Federalism, Multinational States and Subnational Communities: Comparing Flanders and Quebec. In: Gagnon, AG., Tremblay, A. (eds) Federalism and National Diversity in the 21st Century. Federalism and Internal Conflicts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38419-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation