Skip to main content

The Present and Future Market for PEVs in Canada: Evidence from a Mixed-Method Research Program

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Who’s Driving Electric Cars

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Mobility ((LNMOB))

  • 1740 Accesses

Abstract

Understanding the current and future market for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires an understanding of consumers, technology suppliers, policy, and the interplay between. We illustrate a mixed-method research program that explores this interplay, using the case of Canada. Our approach is “reflexive” in two ways. As researchers, we connect insights from several research methods, including qualitative interviews, quantitative surveys, choice models, technology adoption models, and policy evaluation. For consumers, we prompt reflexivity by helping them to learn about PEVs, and how the technology may (or may not) connect with their lifestyle. Consumer data were collected from samples of “Pioneers” (the earliest buyers of PEVs), and “Mainstream” new-vehicle buyers. Results show that Mainstream consumers have low awareness of PEVs, though one-quarter demonstrate interest in purchasing one after learning about it. Interview and survey results indicate diverse consumer perceptions and motivations, including orientations towards new technology, the environment, and practicality. We combine these survey data with technological constraint data (supply and charging access) to construct a technology adoption model, which can help explain limited market share (1–2% PEV sales) and simulate how policy might increase future sales. Finally, we demonstrate how insights from this research can be used to evaluate PEV-supportive policies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Al-Alawi, B., & Bradley, T. (2013). Review of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle market modeling studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 190–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Bailey, J., & Castro, M. A. (2015a). Preference and lifestyle heterogeneity among potential plug-in electric vehicle buyers. Energy Economics, 50, 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.05.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Cairns, J., Dusyk, N., & Goldberg, S. (2018). What drives the Pioneers? Applying lifestyle theory to early electric vehicle buyers in Canada. Energy Research and Social Science, 44, 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Goldberg, S., & Bailey, J. (2016a). How might potential future plug-in electric vehicle buyers differ from current “Pioneer” owners? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 47, 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.05.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Goldberg, S., Bailey, J., Kamiya, G., Langman, B., Cairns, J., et al. (2015b). Electrifying vehicles: Insights from the Canadian plug-in electric vehicle study. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Goldberg, S., & Melton, N. (2016b). Canada’s electric vehicle policy report card. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., & Kurani, K. (2009). Early U.S. market for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2139, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.3141/2139-08.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., & Kurani, K. S. (2012). Interpersonal influence within car buyers’ social networks: Applying five perspectives to plug-in hybrid vehicle drivers. Environment and Planning A, 44(5), 1057–1065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., & Kurani, K. S. (2013a). Connecting plug-in vehicles with green electricity through consumer demand. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., & Kurani, K. S. (2013b). Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or electric—What do car buyers want? Energy Policy, 61, 532–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Langman, B., & Goldberg, S. (2017). Confusion of innovations: Mainstream consumer perceptions and misperceptions of electric-drive vehicles and charging programs in Canada. Energy Research and Social Science, 27, 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.03.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axsen, J., Mountain, D. C., & Jaccard, M. (2009). Combining stated and revealed choice research to simulate the neighbor effect: The case of hybrid-electric vehicles. Resource and Energy Economics, 31(3), 221–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahn, O., Marcy, M., Vaillancourt, K., & Waaub, J. P. (2013). Electrification of the Canadian road transportation sector: A 2050 outlook with TIMES-Canada. Energy Policy, 62, 593–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, C., Cluzel, C., & Anable, J. (2017). Modeling the uptake of plug-in vehicles in a heterogeneous car market using a consumer segmentation approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 97(Supplement C), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2011). Controversies in mixed method research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). London, UK: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2017). Canadian environmental sustainability indicators: Greenhouse gas emissions Gatineau. QC: Government of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Quebec. (2017). Analyse d’impact réglementaire du projet de règlement d‘ application de la Loi visant l’augmentation du nombre de véhicules automobiles zéro émission au Quebec afin de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et autres polluants.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenblat, C. S. (1981). Seeing forests and trees: Gaming-simulation and contemporary problems of learning and communication. In C. S. Greenblat & R. D. Duke (Eds.), Principles and practices of gaming-simulation. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, D., Park, S., & Liu, C. (2014). Analyzing the transition to electric drive vehicles in the U.S. Futures, 58, 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2013.07.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. SAGE: Newbury Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, J., Tellis, G. J., & Griffin, A. (2006). Research on innovation: A review and agenda for “marketing science”. Marketing Science, 25(6), 687–717. https://doi.org/10.2307/40057216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeffler, S. (2003). Measuring preferences for really new products. [Article]. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 40(4), 406–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Energy Agency. (2015). Energy and climate change: World energy outlook special report. Paris, France: OECD/IEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Energy Agency. (2018). Global EV outlook 2018: Towards cross-modal electrification. Paris, France: OECD/IEA.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Klippenstein, M. (2018). Canadian EV sales. www.tinyurl.com/CanadaEVsales. Accessed July 6, 2018.

  • Kurani, K. S., Turrentine, T., & Sperling, D. (1994). Demand for electric vehicles in hybrid households: An exploratory analysis. Transport Policy, 1, 244–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-070X(94)90005-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurani, K. S., Turrentine, T., & Sperling, D. (1996). Testing electric vehicle demand in ‘hybrid households’ using a reflexive survey. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 1, 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(96)00007-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Gosselin, M. (1996). Scope and Potential of interactive stated response data collection methods. In Conference on Household Travel Surveys: New Concepts and Research Needs, Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings (pp. 115–133). Irvine, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, Z., Axsen, J., & Kormos, C. (2019). Consumers continue to be confused about electric vehicles: Comparing awareness among Canadian new car buyers in 2013 and 2017. Environmental Research Letters, 14(11), 114036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mau, P., Eyzaguirre, J., Jaccard, M., Collins-Dodd, C., & Tiedemann, K. (2008). The ‘neighbor effect’: Simulating dynamics in consumer preferences for new vehicle technologies. Ecological Economics, 68, 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Melton, N., Axsen, J., & Goldberg, S. (2017). Evaluating plug-in electric vehicle policies in the context of long-term greenhouse gas reduction goals: Comparing 10 Canadian provinces using the “PEV policy report card”. Energy Policy, 107, 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.052.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melton, N., Axsen, J., & Sperling, D. (2016a). Moving beyond alternative fuel hype to decarbonize transportation. Nature Energy, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.13.

  • Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, M. (2016). Electric vehicles sales in Canada: 2015 final numbers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, M., & Axsen, J. (2017). No free ride to zero-emissions: Simulating a region’s need to implement its own zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate to achieve 2050 GHG targets. Energy Policy, 110, 447–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.08.031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2011). Mixed methods research: Contemporary issues in an emerging field. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). London, UK: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turrentine, T. S., & Kurani, K. S. (1998). Adapting interactive stated response techniques to a self-completion survey. Transportation, 25, 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urban, L., Weinberg, D., & Hauser, R. (1996). Pre-market forecasting of really-new products. Journal of Marketing, 60(1), 47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. H., Debenedictis, A., Ghanadan, R., Mahone, A., Moore, J., Iii, W. R. M., et al. (2012). 2050: The pivotal role of electricity. Science (New York, N.Y.), 335, 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolinetz, M., & Axsen, J. (2017). How policy can build the plug-in electric vehicle market: Insights from the respondent-based preference and contraints (REPAC) model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 117, 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonn Axsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Axsen, J., Long, Z. (2020). The Present and Future Market for PEVs in Canada: Evidence from a Mixed-Method Research Program. In: Contestabile, M., Tal, G., Turrentine, T. (eds) Who’s Driving Electric Cars. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38382-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38382-4_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38381-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38382-4

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics