Abstract
Everything which has been designed has been subject to some design process. The simplest process involves several steps: defining a need or conceiving an idea for something useful; defining the design criteria, what exactly the design is intended to achieve; formulating possible solutions; testing those solutions; and then reaching a final design. This simple process can be made more realistic by accounting for the trial and error which is always involved, by the interactions between various specialists, and by the different time points when new ideas can emerge. This has been termed controlled convergence by Stuart Pugh Ph.D. Testing the ideas in a more in-depth way as the process proceeds is critical and is necessary for ensuring the safety and efficacy of the final design. The design processes of the early artificial knee designs of Gunston, Freeman and Swanson, Townley, and Kodama and Yamamoto were analyzed, to determine their effectiveness. From today, future advances can be achieved by setting more stringent and demanding design criteria to achieve yet greater reliability, functionality, and low cost.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Brand RA, Mont MA, Manring MM. Biographical sketch: themistocles gluck. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1525–7.
Cross N. Engineering design methods. London: Wiley; 2008.
Gluck T. Referat über die durch das Moderne Chirurgische Experiment gewonnen positive Resultate (Report on the positive results obtained by the modern surgical experiment). Arch fklin Chir. 1891;41:187–239.
Gunston FH. Polycentric knee arthroplasty. Prosthetic simulation of normal knee movement. J Bone Joint Surg. 1971;53(2):272–7.
Pritchett J. Obituary: Charles O. Townley. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;67(1):308–9.
Pugh S. Total design: integrated methods for successful product engineering. Wokingham: Publ Addison Wesley; 1991.
Taguchi G, Clausing D. Robust quality. Harv Bus Rev. 1990:65–75.
Townley CO. Total knee arthroplasty. A personal retrospective and prospective review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;236:8–22.
Walker PS, Shoji H. Development of a stabilizing knee prosthesis employing physiological principles. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1973;94:222–33.
Wilson JN, Lettin AWF, Scales JT. 20 years of evolution of the Stanmore hinged total knee replacement. Conference of total knee replacement, institution of mechanical engineers, London, 16–18 Sept 1974.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walker, P.S. (2020). The Design Process. In: The Artificial Knee. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38171-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38171-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38170-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38171-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)