Abstract
This chapter provides a historical outlook on how digital policies and other previous technology-related policies have developed ever since the introduction of the research and technological development (RTD) policy. By pinpointing major milestones in this evolution, the chapter uncovers the relationship between policy objectives and decision-making based on different actor preferences. The dynamics between the national and European levels are at the centre of this analysis, with a thorough analysis of official documents that can shed a light on their evolving preferences and mechanisms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Barroso, J. M. (2009). Political Guidelines for the Next Commission. http://www.sbbe.gr/newsletters/eflashnews/2009_21/Barroso_Political_Guidelines_2009.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2019.
Borras, S. (2003). The Innovation Policy of the European Union: From Government to Governance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Bulletin of the European Communities. (1994). Corfu European Council. Conclusions of the European Council.
Buzek, J. (2018). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council Establishing the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications.
Castells, M. (2011). The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. Hoboken: Wiley.
Commission of the European Communities. (1985). Towards a European Technology Community.
Commission of the European Communities. (1987). Commission Communication, Making a Success of the Single Act: A New Frontier for Europe. CVCEEU UNILU. https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/commission_communication_making_a_success_of_the_single_act_a_new_frontier_for_europe_15_february_1987-en-33e71653-4e5f-4882-8786-ae6c18139da8.html. Accessed 31 May 2019.
Commission of the European Communities. (1991). Address by Jacques Delors Presenting the Commission’s Programme for 1991 to the European Parliament.
Commission of the European Communities. (2000). eEurope 2002. An Information Society for All. Draft Action Plan Prepared by the European Commission for the European Council in Feira 19–20 June 2000.
Commission of the European Communities. (2009). Communication from the Commission to the European Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Final Evaluation of the eEurope 2005 Action Plan and of the Multiannual Programme (2003–2006) for the Monitoring of eEurope 2005 Action Plan, Dissemination of Good Practices and the Improvement of Network and Information Security (MODINIS). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52009DC0432&from=EN. Accessed 23 June 2019.
Council of the European Union. (2016). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Amending Directive 2010/13/EU on the Coordination of Certain Provisions Laid Down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States Concerning the Provision of Audiovisual Media Services in View of Changing Market Realities—Progress Report.
Council of the European Union. (2017a). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications—General Approach.
Council of the European Union. (2017b). Draft Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Amending Regulation (EU) No. 531/2012 as Regards Rules for Wholesale Roaming Markets (First Reading)—Adoption of the Legislative Act—Statement.
Council of the European Union. (2017c). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Cooperation Between National Authorities Responsible for the Enforcement of Consumer Protection Laws—General Approach.
Council of the European Union. (2017d). Proposal for a Regulation Establishing a Single Digital Gateway to Provide Information, Procedures, Assistance and Problem-Solving Services—Legal Basis, Subsidiarity and Proportionality.
Council of the European Union. (2018a). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on ENISA, the “EU Cybersecurity Agency”, and Repealing Regulation (EU) 526/2013, and on Information and Communication Technology Cybersecurity Certification (“Cybersecurity Act”)—Examination of Possible Compromise Proposals and Preparation for the Trilogue.
Council of the European Union. (2018b). Proposal for a Council Regulation on Establishing the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking—Progress Report.
Council of the European Union. (2018c). Draft Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Addressing Unjustified Geo-Blocking and Other Forms of Discrimination Based on Customers’ Nationality, Place of Residence or Place of Establishment Within the Internal Market and Amending Regulations (EC) No. 2006/2004 and (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC (First Reading)—Adoption of the Legislative Act—Statements.
Council of the European Union. (2018d). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Promoting Fairness and Transparency for Business Users of Online Intermediation Services—Statement by the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Poland and the United Kingdom.
Council of the European Union. (2019a). Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on ENISA and on Information and Communication Technology Cybersecurity Certification and Repealing Regulation (EU) No. 526.2013.
Council of the European Union. (2019b). Draft Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market and Amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (First Reading)—Adoption of the Legislative Act—Statements.
Delors, J. (1985a). Les orientations de la Commission des Communautés européennes.
Delors, J. (1985b). Projet (dactyl.) de discours avec corrections manuscrites a/s Grand marché, nouvelle donne technologique y compris communications, “le difficile pari de la communication” en l’absence d’opinion publiqué européenne, domaine audiovisue.
Delors, J. (1985c). Verse l’Europe de la technologie. Intervention de M. le President Delors au Conseil Affaires Generale.
Delors, J. (1986). Discours du President Delors devant L’Association National de la Recherche Technique.
Delors, J. (1987). Address Given by Jacques Delors to the European Parliament (18 February 1987), 13.
Delors, J. (1991). Conference de Press. Suite au Conclave des Ministres des Affaires Etrangeres. Conclave à la veille du conseil européen de Maastricht (La Haye).
European Commission. (1985). ESPRIT: Building on Success. Press Release. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-85-409_en.htm. Accessed 8 June 2019.
European Commission. (1994a). Growth, Competitiveness and Employment White Paper Follow-Up. Europe and the Global Information Society. Recommendations of the High-Level Group on the Information Society to the Corfu European Council (Bangemann Group).
European Commission. (1994b). Growth, Competitiveness, Employment: The Challenges and Ways Forward into the 21st Century. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
European Commission. (2002). eEurope 2005—An Information Society for All. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52002DC0263&from=EN. Accessed 18 Feb 2019.
European Commission. (2005). i2010—A European Information Society for Growth and Employment. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0229:FIN:EN:PDF. Accessed 18 Feb 2019.
European Commission. (2010). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and to the Committee of the Regions. Digital Agenda for Europe.
European Commission. (2015a). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and to the Committee of the Regions. A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0192&from=EN. Accessed 2 Jan 2018.
European Commission. (2015b). Communication from the Commission to the European Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Upgrading the Single Market: More Opportunities for People and Business.
European Commission. (2016). Commission Proposes New E-commerce Rules to Help Consumers and Companies Reap Full Benefit of Single Market. Press Release. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-1887_en.htm. Accessed 1 June 2019.
European Commission. (2017). EU Agrees to Make Parcel Delivery More Affordable. Press Release. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-5203_en.htm. Accessed 1 June 2019.
European Commission. (2018). The European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking—EuroHPC. Digital Single Market—European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/eurohpc-joint-undertaking. Accessed 8 July 2019.
European Commission. (2019). Roadmap for the Completion of the Digital Single Market.
European Council. (1993). European Council in Brussels. Presidency Conclusions.
European Parliament. (2000). Lisbon European Council 23–24.03.2000: Conclusions of the Presidency. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm#d. Accessed 8 June 2019.
Eurostat. (2019). Intramural R&D Expenditure (GERD) by Sectors of Performance. Units: millions of Euro—1985–1990. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-053382_QID_-51B1CBB2_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;SECTPERF,L,Z,0;UNIT,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-053382INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-053382UNIT,MIO_EUR;DS-053382SECTPERF,TOTAL;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=SECTPERF_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName5=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=NONE&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23. Accessed 15 June 2019.
Juncker, J. C. (2014). A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change.
Lacroix, J. (1994). ‘Saisir toutes les opportunités de la société de l’information’: note de synthèse par Justine Lacroix des questions de société soulevées par la diffusion des NTI (24/11/1994).
Lamoureux, F. (1994). Note pour le President. Objet: Societe de l’information. Liberalisation des telecommunications.
Liikanen, E. (2001). The European Union Telecommunications Policy.
Macmillan Dictionary. (2019). Digital (Adjective) Definition and Synonyms. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/digital. Accessed 13 June 2019.
Mărcuţ, M. (2016). The Socioeconomic Evolution of the European Union: Exploring the Electronic Frontier. Cham: Springer.
Mărcuţ, M. (2017). Crystalizing the EU Digital Policy: An Exploration into the Digital Single Market. Cham: Springer.
Martin, B. (2005). Information Society Revisited: From Vision to Reality. Journal of Information Science, 31, 4–12.
Official Journal of the European Communities. (1986). Single European Act.
Panizza, R. (2019). The Principle of Subsidiarity.
Peterson, J., & Bomberg, E. (1999). Decision-Making in the European Union. London: Macmillan Press.
Rodrigues, M. J. (2003). European Policies for a Knowledge Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Zalan, E. (2018). The Big European Budget Battle—Who Is Fighting for What? EUobserver. https://euobserver.com/economic/142761. Accessed 21 June 2019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mărcuţ, M. (2020). Digital Policies: Past and Present. In: The Governance of Digital Policies. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38073-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38073-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38072-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38073-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)