Abstract
Following publication of the Brundtland report in 1987, “sustainable development” has become a widely accepted conceptual framework for urban policy and development, providing context for a considerable literature on planning, architecture and urban design (Williams et al. 2000). Debates pitting against nature preservation against development interests were no longer limited to environmental aspects, but began to incorporate economic and social dimensions (Lele 1991) – based on the notion that “environmental quality and economic development are interdependent, and in the long term, mutually reinforcing” (Dampier 1982). More recently, the focus of sustainability on controlling change and growth has been broadened to accommodate the concept of resilience, or the capacity of systems to adapt to changes and recover from disturbance (Ahern 2011).
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Notes
- 1.
The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in its 1987 report Our Common Future defines sustainable development: “Development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
- 2.
The “Bristol Accord”, sets out (1) eight characteristics of a sustainable community; and (i2) contains an agreement to compile good practice case studies that demonstrate sustainable communities’ characteristics to an agreed template.
- 3.
The Aalborg Charter (1994) is an urban environment sustainability initiative approved by the participants of the first European Conference on Sustainable Cities & Towns in Aalborg, Denmark.
- 4.
Agenda 21 is a voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. It is a product of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
- 5.
The SRU (Urban Solidarity and Town Planning Renewal) Act, 2000: Stipulates that every municipality of more than 3500 residents must include at least 20% of social housing.
- 6.
Translated from French: “Les prix des logements et leur localisation sont-ils adaptés aux capacités financières des profils des ménages?”
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Machline, E., Pearlmutter, D., Schwartz, M., Pech, P. (2020). Green Building in Europe. In: Green Neighbourhoods and Eco-gentrification . SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38036-6_4
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