Skip to main content

The Hidden Curriculum of Utilisation of Imaging and Unregulated Digital Resources within Clinical Education

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biomedical Visualisation

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1235))

Abstract

Clinical education has changed dramatically over the last 30 years. The increasing use of imaging and visualisation technologies within medical, dental and other healthcare sciences education curricula is taken for granted, with little consideration given to the agenda behind the colonisation of the basic sciences curricula with these technologies or their ultimate utility with regards to patient care. Sufficient critique is rarely given prior to the incorporation of imaging modalities into teaching and learning, and the hidden curriculum remains deeply buried under the impetus to ‘move with the times’. Coupled with increasingly easily accessible but unregulated streamed digital teaching resources widely utilised in healthcare professions’ curricula, there remains a danger that future generations of clinicians may be exposed to erroneous information that could ultimately impact on the safety of their patients. Educators must develop a reflective approach, and together with institutions develop a collective responsibility to integrate and map evidence-based and clinically-relevant approaches within the respective curricula, rather than bombard undergraduates with the latest technology and never-ending (and sometimes unreliable and unregulated) information without awareness of the potential dangers lurking within their preferred teaching methods and ideologies. Healthcare professionals must subject teaching resources utilised within their curricula to the same scrutiny that textbooks undergo, with content accuracy and endorsement via reputable sources, preferably peer reviewed and traceable, taking precedence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achenbach J (1996) Reality check: you can’t believe everything you read, but you’d better believe this. Washington Post, 4th Dec CI

    Google Scholar 

  • Aka JJ, Cookson NE, Hafferty FW, Finn GM (2018) Teaching by stealth: utilising the hidden curriculum through body painting within anatomy education. Eur J Anat 22(2):173–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Balboni MJ, Bandini J, Mitchell C et al (2015) Religion, spirituality, and the hidden curriculum: medical student and faculty reflections. J Pain Symptom Manag 50:507–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman EM, de Bruin ABH, Vorstenbosch MA, Kooloos JG, Puts GC, Leppink J et al (2015) Effects of learning content in context on knowledge acquisition and recall: a pretest-posttest control group design. BMC Med Educ 15:133

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biasutto SN, Caussa LI, del Río LEC (2006) Teaching anatomy: cadavers vs. computers? Ann Anat 188(2):187–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom S (1988) Structure and ideology in medical education: an analysis of resis­tance to change. J Health Soc Behav 29:294–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Böckers A, Mayer C, Böckers TM (2014) Does learning in clinical context in anatomical sciences improve examination results, learning motivation, or learning orientation? Anat Sci Educ 7(1):3–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R (2015) Do as we say or do as we do? Examining the hidden curriculum in nursing education. Can J Nurs Res Arch 47(3):7–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clunie L, Morris NP, Joynes VC, Pickering JD (2018) How comprehensive are research studies investigating the efficacy of technology-enhanced learning resources in anatomy education? A systematic review. Anat Sci Educ 11:303–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton D, Winter J, Bailey I (2013) Researching the hidden curriculum: intentional and unintended messages. J Geogr High Educ 37(2):192–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey J (1938) Experience and education. Kappa Delta Pi, Indianapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards R (2015) Software and the hidden curriculum in digital education. Pedagog Cult Soc 23(2):265–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estai M, Bunt S (2016) Best teaching practices in anatomy education: a critical review. Ann Anat-Anatomischer Anzeiger 208:151–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finn GM, Matthan J (2019) Pedagogical perspectives on the use of technology within medical curricula: moving away from norm driven implementation. In: Rae P (ed) Biomedical visualisation, Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol 1120, pp 55–64

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fuks A (2018) Joining the club. Perspect Biol Med 61(2):279–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griksaitis MJ, Scott MP, Finn GM (2014) Twelve tips for teaching with ultrasound in the undergraduate curriculum. Med Teach 36(1):19–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderman RB, Wilson PK (2005) Exploring the human interior: the roles of cadaver dissection and radiologic imaging in teaching anatomy. Acad Med 80(8):745–749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guttman GD, Ma TP, MacPherson BR (2003) Making gross anatomy relevant to dental students. J Dent Educ 67:355–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett M, Proctor M (2018) The effect of autostereoscopic holograms on anatomical knowledge: a randomised trial. Med Educ 52(11):1147–1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafferty FW (1998) Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll 73(4):403–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafferty FW, Finn GM (2015) The hidden curriculum and anatomy education. In: Teaching anatomy. Springer, Cham, pp 339–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafferty FW, Franks R (1994) The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med 69(11):861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafferty FW, O'Donnell JF (eds) (2015) The hidden curriculum in health professional education. Dartmouth College Press, Lebanon

    Google Scholar 

  • Jadad AR, Gagliardi A (1998) Rating health information on the internet: navigating to knowledge or to babel? JAMA 279(8):611–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EO, Charchanti AV, Troupis TG (2012) Modernization of an anatomy class: from conceptualization to implementation. A case for integrated multimodal–multidisciplinary teaching. Anat Sci Educ 5(6):354–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koens F, Ten Cate OT, Custers EJ (2003) Context-dependent memory in a meaningful environment for medical education: in the classroom and at the bedside. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 8(2):155–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konner M (1987) Becoming a doctor: a journey of initiation in medical school. Penguin Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kugelmann D, Stratmann L, Nühlen N, Bork F, Hoffmann S, Samarbarksh G et al (2018) An augmented reality magic mirror as additive teaching device for gross anatomy. Ann Anat 215:71–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence C, Mhlaba T, Stewart KA, Moletsane R, Gaede B, Moshabela M (2018) The hidden curricula of medical education: a scoping review. Acad Med 93(4):648–656

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leask B (2009) Using formal and informal curricula to improve interactions between home and international students. J Stud Int Educ 13(2):205–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao JM, Thomas EJ, Bell SK (2014) Speaking up about the dangers of the hidden curriculum. Health Aff 33(1):168–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod A (2014) The hidden curriculum: is it time to re-consider the concept? Med Teach 36:539–540

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magli P (1989) The face and the soul. In: Feher M (ed) Fragments for a history of the human body. Zone, New York, pp 86–127

    Google Scholar 

  • McHanwell S (2015) Teaching anatomical sciences to dental students. In: Teaching anatomy. Springer, Cham, pp 353–361

    Google Scholar 

  • McMenamin PG, Eizenberg N, Buzzard A, Fogg Q, Lazarus M (2016) A broad perspective on anatomy education: celebrating teaching diversity and innovations. Med J Aust 204(2):57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMenamin PG, McLachlan J, Wilson A, McBride JM, Pickering J, Evans DJR et al (2018) Do we really need cadavers anymore to learn anatomy in undergraduate medicine? Med Teach 40(10):1020–1029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mostaghimi A, Olszewski AE, Bell SK, Roberts DH, Crotty BH (2017) Erosion of digital professionalism during medical students’ core clinical clerkships. JMIR Med Educ 3(1):e9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keeffe GW, Davy S, Barry DS (2019) Radiologist’s views on anatomical knowledge amongst junior doctors and the teaching of anatomy in medical curricula. Ann Anat-Anatomischer Anzeiger 223:70–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okamura K, Bernstein J, Fidler AT (2002) Assessing the quality of infertility resources on the world wide web: tools to guide clients through the maze of fact and fiction. J Midwifery Womens Health 47(4):264–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering JD, Swinnerton BJ (2019) Exploring the dimensions of medical student engagement with technology-enhanced learning resources and assessing the impact on assessment outcomes. Anat Sci Educ 12(2):117–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plant R (2004) Online communities. Technol Soc 26(1):51–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roach M (2003) Stiff: the curious lives of cadavers. W. W. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter J (2008) Make students info literate: there remains a larger challenge for schools–how to develop a new generation of knowledgeable digital citizens who can operate in the unregulated online world. Technol Learn 28(10):24

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberg WM, Lundberg GD, Musacchio RA (1997) Assessing, controlling, and assuring the quality of medical information on the Internet: caveant lector et viewor—let the reader and viewer beware [editorial]. J Am Med Assoc 277:1244–1245

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder B (1971) The hidden curriculum. Knopf, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugand K, Abrahams P, Khurana A (2010) The anatomy of anatomy: a review for its modernization. Anat Sci Educ 3(2):83–93

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldby C (2000) Virtual anatomy: from the body in the text to the body on the screen. J Med Humanit 21:85–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward PJ, Walker JJ (2008) The influence of study methods and knowledge processing on academic success and long-term recall of anatomy learning by first-year veterinary students. Anat Sci Educ 1:68–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AB, Miller CH, Klein BA, Taylor MA, Goodwin M, Boyle EK et al (2018) A meta-analysis of anatomy laboratory pedagogies. Clin Anat 31:122–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joanna Matthan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Matthan, J., Finn, G.M. (2020). The Hidden Curriculum of Utilisation of Imaging and Unregulated Digital Resources within Clinical Education. In: Rea, P. (eds) Biomedical Visualisation . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1235. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37639-0_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics