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Explaining Institutional Change Towards Recall in Germany

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The Politics of Recall Elections

Abstract

More so than other democratic innovations, recall has an immediate impact on elected political elites by deciding over the fate of their incumbency. Therefore, it is not surprising that elites in many countries hesitated to implement this institution for a long time. However, recall has regained popularity in both new and established democracies during the third wave of democratization. As a case in point, the majority of East and West German federal states (Länder) have adopted recall on the local level since the fall of the Berlin Wall. This chapter develops a comprehensive framework based on different institutionalist views and insights from theories of democratic innovations to explain the adoption and diversity of local recall in Germany. These findings contribute to the understanding of conditions of implementing recall and democratic innovations in a broader sense, and demonstrate the usefulness of the framework to explain institutional change.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For an international overview of provisions for recall, see Qvortrup (2011), Serdült and Welp (2017: 143), and Welp (2018: 453).

  2. 2.

    A similar argument can be made for direct democratic instruments because they reduce party control over political decision-making (Scarrow 1997; Vetter 2009).

  3. 3.

    Direct recall might even be used as a ‘second order recall’ where recall ‘is actually targeted at a policy and not the political authority per se’ (Serdült 2015: 10).

  4. 4.

    In the case of indirect recall, the council needs to pass a resolution with a supermajority to initiate the popular vote (Witte 2001: 59).

  5. 5.

    For different traditional types of West German municipal codes, see Holtmann et al. (2017: 90) and Woyke (2013: 213ff).

  6. 6.

    When implementing indirect recall, most states chose the same majority requirements that previously existed for the councils’ vote of no confidence against the mayor (Lenhof 2013: 57ff).

  7. 7.

    Linke Liste/PDS emerged from the dominant party of the GDR, SED (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands).

  8. 8.

    Most East German stats implemented municipal codes with features of consensus democracy which some scholars see as a result of the political culture of the GDR and the experience of reunification (Holtkamp and Bogumil 2016: 26).

  9. 9.

    In a later reform in 2002 that decreased quorums for direct democratic instruments, the quorums for direct recall were adjusted to an equivalent level.

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Correspondence to Brigitte Geißel .

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Geißel, B., Jung, S. (2020). Explaining Institutional Change Towards Recall in Germany. In: Welp, Y., Whitehead, L. (eds) The Politics of Recall Elections. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37610-9_7

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