Abstract
Conformance checking strongly relies on the computation of artefacts, which enable reasoning on the relation between observed and modeled behavior. This paper shows how important conformance artefacts like alignments, anti-alignments or even multi-alignments, defined over the edit distance, can be computed by encoding the problem as a SAT instance. From a general perspective, the work advocates for a unified family of techniques that can compute conformance artefacts in the same way. The prototype implementation of the techniques presented in this paper show capabilities for dealing with some of the current benchmarks, and potential for the near future when optimizations similar to the ones in the literature are incorporated.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
For the sake of simplicity of the encoding, we are abusing a bit the notation, i.e., assuming that labels identify transitions. This can be generalized easily for the general case when severals transitions exist for the same label.
- 3.
Only the total sum of \(\delta \) are minimized/maximized in our tool.
- 4.
Anti-alignment Precision/Generalization of package AntiAlignments of ProM software version 6.8, http://www.promtools.org/.
- 5.
References
Adriansyah, A.: Aligning observed and modeled behavior. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (2014)
Adriansyah, A., Munoz-Gama, J., Carmona, J., van Dongen, B.F., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Alignment based precision checking. In: La Rosa, M., Soffer, P. (eds.) BPM 2012. LNBIP, vol. 132, pp. 137–149. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36285-9_15
Backurs, A., Indyk, P.: Edit distance cannot be computed in strongly subquadratic time (unless SETH is false). In: Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 51–58. ACM (2015)
Bae, J., Liu, L., Caverlee, J., Zhang, L.-J., Bae, H.: Development of distance measures for process mining, discovery and integration. Int. J. Web Serv. Res. (IJWSR) 4(4), 1–17 (2007)
Bloemen, V., van de Pol, J., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Symbolically aligning observed and modelled behaviour. In: 18th International Conference on Application of Concurrency to System Design, ACSD, Bratislava, Slovakia, 25–29 June, pp. 50–59 (2018)
Boltenhagen, M., Chatain, T., Carmona, J.: Generalized alignment-based trace clustering of process behavior. In: Donatelli, S., Haar, S. (eds.) PETRI NETS 2019. LNCS, vol. 11522, pp. 237–257. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21571-2_14
Jagadeesh Chandra Bose, R.P., van der Aalst, W.: Trace alignment in process mining: opportunities for process diagnostics. In: Hull, R., Mendling, J., Tai, S. (eds.) BPM 2010. LNCS, vol. 6336, pp. 227–242. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15618-2_17
Jagadeesh Chandra Bose, R.P., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Abstractions in process mining: a taxonomy of patterns. In: Dayal, U., Eder, J., Koehler, J., Reijers, H.A. (eds.) BPM 2009. LNCS, vol. 5701, pp. 159–175. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03848-8_12
Jagadeesh, R.P., Bose, C., Van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Context aware trace clustering: towards improving process mining results. In: Proceedings of the 2009 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 401–412. SIAM (2009)
Buijs, J.C.A.M.: Loan application example. 4TU. Centre for Research Data. Dataset (2013). https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:bd8fcc48-5bf3-480e-8775-d79d6c700e90
Carmona, J., van Dongen, B., Solti, A., Weidlich, M.: Conformance Checking - Relating Processes and Models. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99414-7
Chatain, T., Carmona, J.: Anti-alignments in conformance checking – the dark side of process models. In: Kordon, F., Moldt, D. (eds.) PETRI NETS 2016. LNCS, vol. 9698, pp. 240–258. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39086-4_15
Chatain, T., Carmona, J., van Dongen, B.: Alignment-based trace clustering. In: Mayr, H.C., Guizzardi, G., Ma, H., Pastor, O. (eds.) ER 2017. LNCS, vol. 10650, pp. 295–308. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69904-2_24
Davidson, I., Ravi, S.S., Shamis, L.: A SAT-based framework for efficient constrained clustering. In: Proceedings of the 2010 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 94–105. SIAM (2010)
de Leoni, M., Marrella, A.: Aligning real process executions and prescriptive process models through automated planning. Expert Syst. Appl. 82, 162–183 (2017)
De Leoni, M., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Data-aware process mining: discovering decisions in processes using alignments. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 1454–1461. ACM (2013)
Dijkman, R., Dumas, M., Garcia-Banuelos, L., Kaarik, R.: Aligning business process models. In: 2009 IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, pp. 45–53. IEEE (2009)
Groce, A., Chaki, S., Kroening, D., Strichman, O.: Error explanation with distance metrics. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 8(3), 229–247 (2006)
Leemans, S.J.J., Fahland, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Scalable process discovery and conformance checking. Softw. Syst. Model. 17(2), 599–631 (2018)
Métivier, J.-P., Boizumault, P., Crémilleux, B., Khiari, M., Loudni, S.: Constrained clustering using SAT. In: Hollmén, J., Klawonn, F., Tucker, A. (eds.) IDA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7619, pp. 207–218. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34156-4_20
Murata, T.: Petri nets: properties, analysis and applications. Proc. IEEE 77(4), 541–574 (1989)
Reißner, D., Conforti, R., Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Armas-Cervantes, A.: Scalable conformance checking of business processes. In: Panetto, H., et al. (eds.) OTM 2017. LNCS, vol. 10573, pp. 607–627. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69462-7_38
Tax, N., Lu, X., Sidorova, N., Fahland, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: The imprecisions of precision measures in process mining. Inf. Process. Lett. 135, 1–8 (2018)
Tax, N., Sidorova, N., Haakma, R., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: Event abstraction for process mining using supervised learning techniques. In: Bi, Y., Kapoor, S., Bhatia, R. (eds.) IntelliSys 2016. LNNS, vol. 15, pp. 251–269. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56994-9_18
Taymouri, F., Carmona, J.: Model and event log reductions to boost the computation of alignments. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Data-Driven Process Discovery and Analysis (SIMPDA 2016), Graz, Austria, 15–16 December 2016, pp. 50–62 (2016)
van Dongen, B.F., Carmona, J., Chatain, T.: A unified approach for measuring precision and generalization based on anti-alignments. In: La Rosa, M., Loos, P., Pastor, O. (eds.) BPM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9850, pp. 39–56. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45348-4_3
van Dongen, B., Carmona, J., Chatain, T., Taymouri, F.: Aligning modeled and observed behavior: a compromise between computation complexity and quality. In: Dubois, E., Pohl, K. (eds.) CAiSE 2017. LNCS, vol. 10253, pp. 94–109. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59536-8_7
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by Farman institute at ENS Paris-Saclay and by MINECO and FEDER funds under grant TIN2017-86727-C2-1-R.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Boltenhagen, M., Chatain, T., Carmona, J. (2019). Encoding Conformance Checking Artefacts in SAT. In: Di Francescomarino, C., Dijkman, R., Zdun, U. (eds) Business Process Management Workshops. BPM 2019. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 362. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37453-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37453-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37452-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37453-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)