Abstract
Heavy precipitation following a prolonged summer drought led to widespread flash flooding across Andalucía, Murcia and Valencia in south-eastern Spain on 27, 28 and 29 September 2012. On September 28, an extreme flash-flood developed when 214 mm of rain fell in 8 h over the semi-arid and medium-sized Guadalentín River basin up to Paretón (~2800 km2). Six fatalities were reported, hundreds of homes were evacuated and a bridge spanning an ephemeral channel was undermined as the flood bore routed through normally dry river beds. Current estimates of flood damage are of €64 million, including extensive losses in livestock and agriculture. The last event of this magnitude over the Guadalentín occurred on 19 October 1973. Availability of high-resolution rainfall estimates from dense rain-gauge networks and radar observations, together with flood response observations derived from stream-gauge data and post-event surveys, provides the opportunity to study the hydrometeorological mechanisms associated with the responsible convective systems and the associated flash-flood. Results show that the basin faced a very rare rainfall event with extreme intensities and accumulations which, in combination with the catchment properties, led to extreme runoff. The distinct soil substrates and basin morphology led to varied runoff responses that required a multisite calibration of a hydrological model so as to successfully reproduce this flash-flood. Heavy precipitations resulted from deep convection triggered by local orography as well as the subsequent passage of a slow-moving mesoscale convective system (MCS). The motion of the MCS was crucial for exacerbating peak discharges, whereas times to peaks were modulated by the river network geometry and the temporal distribution of the rainfall rates. The roles of the different anthropogenic activities on the mitigation or intensification of the hazardous effects of this extreme event are also highlighted. Finally, some recommendations are proposed in order to mitigate future impacts of such catastrophic floods in a changing climate era.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amengual A, Romero R, Gómez M, Martín A, Alonso S (2007) A hydrometeorological modeling study of a flash flood event over Catalonia, Spain. J Hydrometeor 8:282–303. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM577.1
Amengual A, Homar V, Jaume O (2015) Potential of a probabilistic hydrometeorological forecasting approach for the 28 September 2012 extreme flash flood in Murcia, Spain. Atmos Res 166:10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.06.012
Amengual A, Carrió DS, Ravazzani G, Homar V (2017) A comparison of ensemble strategies for flash flood forecasting: the 12 October 2007 case study in Valencia, Spain. J Hydrometeor 18(4):1143–1166
Beniston M et al (2007) Current and future extreme climatic events in Europe: observations and modeling studies conducted within the EU PRUDENCE project. Clim Change 81:71–95
Benito G, Machado MJ, Lloveras XR (2012) Cómo un evento” moderado” puede causar un impacto extremo. Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra 20(3):301
Borga M, Boscolo P, Zanon F, Sangati M (2007) Hydrometeorological analysis of the 29 August 2003 flash flood in the Eastern Italian Alps. J Hydrometeor 8(5):1049–1067
Camarasa-Belmonte AM, Segura-Beltrán F (2001) Flood events in Mediterranean ephemeral streams (ramblas) in Valencia region, Spain. CATENA 45:229–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00146-1
Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (1988) Applied hydrology. In: Civil engineering series. McGraw-Hill International Editions, 572 pp
Cole SJ, Moore RJ (2008) Hydrological modelling using raingauge- and radar-based estimators of areal rainfall. J Hydrol 358(3):159–181
Cramer W et al (2018) Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean. Nat Clim Change 1
Doswell CA, Brooks HE, Maddox RA (1996) Flash flood forecasting: an ingredients-based methodology. Weather Forecast 11:560–581
Ducrocq V et al (2014) HyMeX-SOP1, the field campaign dedicated heavy precipitation and flash flooding in the northwestern Mediterranean. Bull Am Meteorol Soc . https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00244.1
Gil-Olcina A (2016) Causas atmosféricas de dos descomunales llenas en la Rambla de Nogalte (Cuenca del Segura). Libro Homenaje al Profesor Alfredo Morales Gil, Universidad de Alicante, pp 935–956. https://doi.org/10.14198/librohomenajealfredomorales2016-42
Giorgi F, Lionello P (2008) Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Glob Planet Change 63(2–3):90–104
Hooke JM (2016) Geomorphological impacts of an extreme flood in SE Spain. Geomorphology 263:19–38
Hunter SM (1996) WSR-88D radar rainfall estimation: capabilities, limitations and potential improvements. Natl Wea Dig 20:26–38
Kolios S, Feidas H (2010) Warm season climatology of mesoscale convective systems in the Mediterranean basin using satellite data. Theor Appl Climatol 102(1–2):29–42
Montaldo N, Toninelli V, Albertson JD, Mancini M, Troch PA (2003) The effect of background hydrometeorological conditions on the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to model parameters: analysis with measurements from an Italian alpine catchment. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 7:848–861. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-848-2003
Naden PS (1992) Spatial variability in flood estimation for large catchments: the exploitation of channel network structure. Hydrol Sci J 37:53–71
Nicótina L, Alessi Celegon E, Rinaldo A, Marani M (2008) On the impact of rainfall patterns on the hydrologic response. Water Resour Res 44:W12401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006654
Nikolopoulos EI, Borga M, Zoccatelli D, Anagnostou EN (2014) Catchment-scale storm velocity: quantification, scale dependence and effect on flood response. Hydrol Sci J 59(7):1363–1376
Pellarin T et al (2002) Hydrologic visibility of weather radar systems operating in mountainous regions: case study for the Ardèche catchment (France). J Hydrometeor 3(5):539–555. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541
Ponce VM, Hawkins ERH (1996) Runoff curve number: has it reached maturity? J Hydrol Eng 1:11–19
Rabuffetti D, Ravazzani G, Corbari C, Mancini M (2008) Verification of operational quantitative discharge forecast (QDF) for a regional warning system—the AMPHORE case studies in the upper Po River. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8:161–173
Ravazzani G, Corbari C, Morella S, Gianoli P, Mancini M (2012) Modified Hargreaves-Samani equation for the assessment of reference evapotranspiration in Alpine river basins. J Irrig Drain Eng 138:592–599. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000453
Ravazzani G, Amengual A, Ceppi A, Homar V, Romero R, Lombardia G, Mancini M (2016) Potentialities of ensemble strategies for flood forecasting over the Milano urban area. J Hydrol 539:237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.023
Sangati M, Borga M, Rabuffetti D, Bechini R (2009) Influence of rainfall and soil properties spatial aggregation on extreme flash flood response modelling: an evaluation based on the Sesia river basin, North Western Italy. Adv Water Res 32:1090–1106
Skøien JO, Blöschl G (2006) Catchments as space-time filters—a joint spatio-temporal geostatistical analysis of runoff and precipitation. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 10:645–662. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-645-2006
Skøien JO, Blöschl G, Western A (2003) Characteristic space scales and timescales in hydrology. Water Resour Res 39:1304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001736
Stocker T, Qin D, Plattner G, Tignor M, Allen S, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley P (2013) IPCC 2013: climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva, 1535 pp
Toreti A, Naveau P (2015) On the evaluation of climate model simulated precipitation extremes. Environ Res Lett 10:014012
Toreti A et al (2013) Projections of global changes in precipitation extremes from coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 models. Geophys Res Lett 40:4887–4892
USDA (1986) Urban hydrology for small watersheds. USDA TR-55, 164 pp
Woods RA, Sivapalan M (1999) A synthesis of space-time variability in storm response: rainfall, runoff generation and routing. Water Resour Res 35:2469–2485
Zoccatelli D, Borga M, Viglione A, Chirico GB, Blöschl G (2011) Spatial moments of catchment rainfall: rainfall spatial organisation, basin morphology, and flood response. Hydrol Earth Sys Sci 15(12):3767–3783
Acknowledgements
The Hydrographic Confederation of the Segura river (CHS) and, in special, Mr. Fernando Toledano Sánchez, former head of the management of the observational networks of the CHS, are acknowledged for providing the SAIH rain and flow data. The Spanish Agency of Meteorology (AEMET) is also acknowledged for providing the radar and automatic weather stations precipitation and temperature data. This work has been sponsored by the CAS18/00009 research project, granted to Dr. Amengual by El Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. This work has been also sponsored by the CGL2014-52199-R (EXTREMO), PCIN-2015-221 (METEOforSIM) and CGL2017-82868-R (COASTEPS) Spanish research projects, which are partially supported with FEDER funds.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Amengual, A., Borga, M. (2020). Hydrometeorological Analysis of an Extreme Flash-Flood: The 28 September 2012 Event in Murcia, South-Eastern Spain. In: Leal Filho, W., Nagy, G., Borga, M., Chávez Muñoz, P., Magnuszewski, A. (eds) Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37424-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37425-9
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)