Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Young People's Civic Identity in the Digital Age pp 31–78Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Where Technology, Youth, and Civics Meet: A Springboard for Understanding Civic Identity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 369 Accesses

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Young People and Politics ((PSYPP))

Abstract

This chapter reviews the canon of literature that informs the research, starting with works that highlight the digitally mediated nature of society, particularly civic applications of technology. The author then turns to conceptualizations of young people from the psychological perspective of Erikson (1968) and sociological perspectives of Goffman (The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Doubleday Anchor Books, Garden City, NY, 1959; The Presentation of Self to Others. In J. G. Manis & B. N. Meltzer (Eds.), Symbolic Interaction: A Reader in Social Psychology, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, London, pp. 234–244, 1978) and Schlenker (Self-identification: Toward an Integration of the Private and Public Self. In Public Self and Private Self, Springer, New York, pp. 21–62, 1986; Self-Presentation. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity, 2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York, pp. 542–570, 2012). These perspectives inform the theory of presentation of the self, the theory of identity that guides this study of young people in today’s world. The author then introduces the concept of civic identity, highlighting landmark research by Lister, Smith, Middleton, and Cox (Citizenship Studies, 7, 235–253, 2003; Young People Talking About Citizenship in Britain. In N. Kabeer (Ed.), Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions, Zed Books, New York, pp. 114–131, 2005). She then discusses the ways in which civic engagement activities have become digitally mediated in contemporary society, which marks a time at which focus has turned to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. The chapter demonstrates the ways in which the digital era and the civic sphere intersect for young people aged 14 through to 17, positioning the book within the wider literature in these disciplines.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Selfie is defined by Oxford Dictionaries as “a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media” (Oxford University Press, 2018).

  2. 2.

    The vast majority of research on youth civic engagement to date has focused on people who have reached adulthood, between 18 and 25 years of age. Similarly, many studies investigating social media use also focus on the 18–25 or 18–29 year old population because they are the heaviest users of social media (Yamamoto, Kushin, & Dalisay, 2015).

  3. 3.

    Google search conducted on 31 May 2019. Note that the number of search results has doubled from 84,800,000 results in a search of the same term conducted one year prior, on 30 May 2018.

References

  • Adelson, J. (1968). Adolescent’s Perspective on Law and Government. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adelson, J., & O’Neil, R. P. (1966). Growth of Political Ideas in Adolescence: The Sense of Community. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(3), 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R. P., & Goggin, J. (2005). What Do We Mean By “Civic Engagement”? Journal of Transformative Education, 3(3), 236–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annette, J. (2008). Community Involvement, Civic Engagement, and Service Learning. In J. Arthur, I. Davies, & C. Hahn (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy (pp. 388–398). London: SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. (2004). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ataman, A., Çok, F., & Şener, T. (2012). Understanding Civic Engagement Among Young Roma and Young Turkish People in Turkey. Human Affairs, 22, 419–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakardjieva, M. (2005). Internet Society: The Internet in Everyday Life. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balch, G. (1974). Multiple Indicators in Survey Research: The Concept ‘Sense of Political Efficacy’. Political Methodology, 1, 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2008). An Agentic Perspective on Positive Psychology. In S. Lopez (Ed.), Positive Psychology: Expecting the Best in People. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. (2001). The Uncertainty of Digital Politics: Democracy’s Uneasy Relationship with Information Technology. Harvard International Review, 23, 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M., & Zani, B. (2014). Political and Civic Engagement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bayne, S., & Ross, J. (2011). ‘Digital Native’ and ‘Digital Immigrant’ Discourses: A Critique. In R. Land & S. Bayne (Eds.), Digital Difference: Perspectives on Online Learning (pp. 159–169). Boston, MA: Sense Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. (2005). Children, Youth, and Civic (Dis)Engagement: Digital Technology and Citizenship. CRACIN Working Paper, Canadian Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, W. L. (2008). Changing Citizenship in the Digital Age. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 1–24). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, W. L., Wells, C., & Freelon, D. (2011). Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 835–856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, T., Cleaver, E., Featherstone, G., Kerr, D., Lopes, J., & Whitby, K. (2008). Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study: Sixth Annual Report. Young People’s Civic Participation In and Beyond School: Attitudes, Intentions and Influences. Slough: National Foundation for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berk, L. (2009). Development Through the Life Span (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bers, M. U. (2008). Civic Identities, Online Technologies: From Designing Civics Curriculum to Supporting Civic Experiences. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 139–159). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berzonsky, M. (2003). Identity Style and Well-being: Does Commitment Matter? Identity, 3(2), 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bimber, B. (1999). The Internet and Citizen Communication with Government: Does the Medium Matter? Political Communication, 16, 409–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A., Marlow, C., Settle, J., et al. (2012). A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization. Nature, 489, 295–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfadelli, H. (2002). The Internet and Knowledge Gaps: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation. European Journal of Communication, 17(1) 65–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • boyd, d. (2007). Socializing Digitally. Vodafone Receiver Magazine, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • boyd, d. (2008). Can Social Network Sites Enable Political Action? In A. Fine, M. Sifry, A. Rasiej, & J. Levy (Eds.), Rebooting America (pp. 112–116). Creative Commons.

    Google Scholar 

  • boyd, d. (2014). It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • boyd, d., & Ellison, N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brint, S. (2001). Gemeinschaft Revisited: A Critique and Reconstruction of the Community Concept. Sociological Theory, 19(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. D. (1998). The Self. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, D. (2000). After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, D. (2002). The Making of Citizens: Young People, News and Politics. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, D. (2013). Beyond Technology: Children’s Learning in the Age of Digital Culture. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camino, L., & Zeldin, S. (2002). From Periphery to Center: Pathways for Youth Civic Engagement in the Day-to-day Life of Communities. Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 213–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (1996). The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Volume I: The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The Chameleon Effect: The Perception–Behavior Link and Social Interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C. J., Kahne, J., Bowyer, B., Middaugh, E., & Rogowski, J. (2012). Participatory Politics: New Media and Youth Political Action. YPP Research Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conroy, M., Feezell, J., & Guerrero, M. (2012). Facebook and Political Engagement: A Study of Online Political Group Membership and Offline Political Engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1535–1546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Côté, J. E., & Levine, C. G. (2002). Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture: A Social Psychological Synthesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couldry, N., Stephansen, H., Fotopoulou, A., MacDonald, R., Clark, W., & Dickens, L. (2014). Digital Citizenship? Narrative Exchange and the Changing Terms of Civic Culture. Citizenship Studies, 18, 615–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, B. (1998). Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools: Final Report of the Advisory Group on Citizenship. London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, P., & Olsson, T. (2007). Young Activists, Political Horizons and the Internet: Adapting the Net to One’s Purposes. In B. D. Loader (Ed.), Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media (pp. 68–81). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C., & Eynon, R. (2013). Teenagers and Technology. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. (2010). Coming of Age Online: The Developmental Underpinnings of Girls’ Blogs. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(1), 145–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K., & Weinstein, E. (2017). Identity Development in the Digital Age: An Eriksonian Perspective. In M. F. Wright (Ed.), Identity, Sexuality, and Relationships Among Emerging Adults in the Digital Age (pp. 1–17). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, M., & Staples, L. (2007). Youth-led Community Organizing: Theory and Action. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delli Carpini, M. (2000). Gen.com: Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New Information Environment. Political Communication, 17, 341–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delli Carpini, M., & Keeter, S. (2002). The Internet and an Informed Citizenry. In D. Anderson & M. Cornfield (Eds.), The Civic Web: Online Politics and Democratic Values (pp. 129–153). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, N. L. (2005). “I like to Treat Others as Others Would Treat Me”: The Development of Prosocial Selves in an Urban Youth Organization. New Directions for Youth Development, Special Issue: Doing the Right Thing: Ethical Development Across Diverse Environments, 2005 (108), 89–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias, T. S., & Menezes, I. (2014, June 2). Children and Adolescents as Political Actors: Collective Visions of Politics and Citizenship. Journal of Moral Education, 43, 250–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijksterhuis, A., & Aarts, H. (2010). Goals, Attention, and (Un)Consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 467–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, R. L., & Gitelson, A. R. (2002). Political Literacy, Civic Education, and Civic Engagement: A Return to Political Socialization? Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 175–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J., & Kimport, K. (2009). Movement Societies and Digital Protest: Fan Activism and Other Nonpolitical Protest Online. Sociological Theory, 27(3), 220–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J., Kimport, K., Prieto, G., Rush, C., & Reynoso, K. (2010). Changing the World One Webpage at a Time: Conceptualizing and Explaining Internet Activism. Mobilization: An International Journal, 15(4), 425–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J., & Schussman, A. (2008). Contesting Cultural Control: Youth Culture and Online Petitioning. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 71–95). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, K., & Roker, D. (2002). ‘… Doing Something’: Young People as Social Actors. Leicester: Youth Work Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emejulu, A., & McGregor, C. (2016). Towards a Radical Digital Citizenship in Digital Education. Critical Studies in Education, 60, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmer, M., Wolling, J., & Vowe, G. (2012). Changing Political Communication in Germany: Findings from a Longitudinal Study on the Influence of the Internet on Political Information, Discussion, and the Participation of Citizens. Communications, 37(3), 233–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Facebook. (2018). What Happens to Content (Posts, Pictures) That I Delete from Facebook? Retrieved from Facebook.com https://www.facebook.com/help/356107851084108?helpref=uf_permalink

  • Fenton, N. (2012). The Internet and Social Networking. In J. Curran, N. Fenton, & D. Freedman (Eds.), Misunderstanding the Internet (pp. 123–148). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, A., Wray-Lake, L., & Flanagan, C. (2010). Civic Engagement During the Transition to Adulthood: Developmental Opportunities and Social Policies at a Critical Juncture. In L. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, & C. Flanagan (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth (pp. 277–206). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, C. (2013). Teenage Citizens: The Political Theories of the Young. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, T. L. (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, A., & Middaugh, E. (2015). Lost, Sweaty, and Engaged in Dialogue: The Civic Opportunities of Geospatial Play. In E. Middaugh & B. Kirshner (Eds.), #youthaction: Becoming Political in the Digital Age (pp. 107–125). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, H., & Davis, K. (2013). The App Generation: How Today’s Youth Navigate Identity, Intimacy, and Imagination in a Digital World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gecas, V., & Burke, P. (1995). Self and Identity. In K. Cook, G. Fine, & J. House (Eds.), Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology (pp. 41–67). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginwright, S. (2009). Black Youth Rising: Activism and Radical Healing in Urban America. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1978). The Presentation of Self to Others. In J. G. Manis & B. N. Meltzer (Eds.), Symbolic Interaction: A Reader in Social Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 234–244). London: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goode, J. (2010). The Digital Identity Divide: How Technology Knowledge Impacts College Students. New Media & Society, 12(3), 497–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosa, T. L. (2012). Black Youth, Social Media, and the 2008 Presidential Election. In Social Media: Usage and Impact (pp. 219–233). Plymouth: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan, M., & So, J. (2016). Influence of Social Identity on Self-Efficacy Beliefs Through Perceived Social Support: A Social Identity Theory Perspective. Communication Studies, 67(5), 588–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T., & Williamson, H. (1999). Citizenship and Community. Leicester: Youth Work Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T., Williamson, H., & Coffey, A. (1998). Conceptualizing Citizenship: Young People and the Transition to Adulthood. Journal of Education Policy, 13(3), 301–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level Digital Divide: Differences in People’s Online Skills. First Monday, 7(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, M., Carpentier, N., & Cammaerts, B. (2007). Democratic Familyship and the Negotiated Practices of ICT Users. In P. Dahlgren (Ed.), Young Citizens and New Media: Learning for Democratic Participation (pp. 167–186). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasebrink, U., & Paus-Hasebrink, I. (2007). Young People’s Identity Construction and Media Use: Democratic Participation in Germany and Austria. In P. Dahlgren (Ed.), Young Citizens and New Media: Learning for Democratic Participation (pp. 81–101). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haste, H. (2004). Constructing the Citizen. Political Psychology, 25, 413–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haste, H. (2010). Citizenship Education: A Critical Look at a Contested Field. In L. R. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, & C. A. Flanagan (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth (pp. 161–188). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Haythornthwaite, C., & Wellman, B. (2002). The Internet in Everyday Life: An Introduction. In B. Wellman & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The Internet in Everyday Life (pp. 1–41). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, J. A., & Frye, J. K. (2012). Social Media and the Millennial Generation in the 2010 Midterm Election. In H. S. Al-Deen & J. A. Hendricks (Eds.), Social Media: Usage and Impact (pp. 183–199). Plymouth: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendriks Vettehen, P., Hagemann, C., & Van Snippenburg, L. (2004). Political Knowledge and Media Use in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 20, 415–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henn, M., & Foard, N. (2012). Back on the Agenda and Off the Curriculum? Citizenship Education and Young People’s Political Engagement. Teaching Citizenship, 32, 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, D., & McAvoy, P. (2015). The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirzalla, F., & Van Zoonen, L. (2011). Beyond the Online/Offline Divide: How Youth’s Online and Offline Civic Activities Converge. Social Science Computer Review, 29(4), 481–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgin, E. (2016, June 27). Educating Youth for Online Civic and Political Dialogue: A Conceptual Framework for the Digital Age. Journal of Digital and Media Literacy, 4(1–2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, S. L., & Valentine, G. (2003). Cyberkids: Children in the Information Age. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, E. (2009). The Millennial Muddle: How Stereotyping Students Became a Thriving Industry and a Bundle of Contradictions. The Chronicle of Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huckfeldt, R., & Sprague, J. (1995). Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatieff, M. (1995). The Myth of Citizenship. In R. Beiner (Ed.), Theorizing Citizenship (pp. 66–72). New York: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (1999). IEA Civic Education Study. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (2009). International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2009. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ireland, E., Kerr, D., Lopes, J., Nelson, J., & Cleaver, E. (2006). Active Citizenship and Young People: Opportunities, Experiences and Challenges in and Beyond School Citizenship Education. Longitudinal Study: Fourth Annual Report. London, England: DfES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittani, M., boyd, d., Cody, R., Herr-Stephenson, B., et al. (2010). Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, M., & Zeitner, V. (2003). Internet Use and Civic Engagement: A Longitudinal Analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 311–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Journell, W. (2007). The Inequities of the Digital Divide: Is E-learning a Solution? E-Learning and Digital Media, 4(2), 138–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Journell, W. (2010). Standardizing Citizenship: The Potential Influence of State Curriculum Standards on the Civic Development of Adolescents. PS: Political Science and Politics, 43(2), 351–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., & Bowyer, B. (2018). The Political Significance of Social Media Activity and Social Networks. Political Communication, 35(3), 470–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., & Middaugh, E. (2009). Democracy for Some: The Civic Opportunity Gap in High School. In J. Youniss & P. Levine (Eds.), Engaging Young People in Civic Life (pp. 29–58). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., & Allen, D. (2014). Youth, New Media, and the Rise of Participatory Politics. The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Lee, N., & Feezell, J. (2012). Youth Online Activity and Exposure to Diverse Perspectives. New Media & Society, 14(3), 492–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., & Sporte, S. (2008). Developing Citizens: The Impact of Civic Learning Opportunities on Students’ Commitment to Civic Participation. American Educational Research Journal, 45(3), 738–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., Ullman, J., & Middaugh, E. (2011). Digital Opportunities for Civic Education. Paper Prepared for the American Enterprise Institute Conference Civics 2.0: Citizenship Education for a New Generation October 20, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., & Westheimer, J. (2006). The Limits of Political Efficacy: Educating Citizens for a Democratic Society. PS: Political Science & Politics, 39(2), 289–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawashima-Ginsburg, K. (2011). Understanding a Diverse Generation: Youth Civic Engagement in the United States. Medford: The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating, A., & Janmaat, J. G. (2015). Education Through Citizenship at School: Do School Activities Have a Lasting Impact on Youth Political Engagement? Parliamentary Affairs, 69, 409–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keating, A., Kerr, D., Benton, T., Mundy, E., & Lopes, J. (2010). Citizenship Education in England 2001–2010: Young People’s Practices and Prospects for the Future: The Eighth and Final Report from the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study (CELS). Great Britain Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, N., & Facer, K. (2004). Different Worlds? A Comparison of Young People’s Home and School ICT Use. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(6), 440–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y., Russo, S., & Amnå, E. (2017). The Longitudinal Relation Between Online and Offline Political Participation Among Youth at Two Different Developmental Stages. New Media & Society, 19(6), 899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirshner, B. (2004). Democracy Now: Activism and Learning in Urban Youth Organizations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knefelkamp, L. L. (2008). Civic Identity: Locating Self in Community. Diversity & Democracy: Civic Learning for Shared Futures, 11(2), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, B. (2002). Assessing the Potential of Internet Political Participation in the United States: A Resource Approach. American Politics Research, 30, 476–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010, April). What Is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 591–600).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. W. (2000). Toward a Psychology of Positive Youth Development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Perrin, A., Stepler, R., Rainie, L., & Parker, K. (2015). Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015. Pew Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A., Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Macgill, A., Evans, C., & Vitak, J. (2008). Teens, Video Games, and Civics: Teens’ Gaming Experiences Are Diverse and Include Significant Social Interaction and Civic Engagement. Pew Internet & American Life Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Smith, A., Purcell, K., Zickuhr, K., & Rainie, L. (2011). Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites: How American Teens Navigate the New World of “Digital Citizenship”. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center Internet & American Life Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesko, N. (1996). Past, Present, and Future Conceptions of Adolescents. Educational Theory, 46(4), 453–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, P. (2008). A Public Voice for Youth: The Audience Problem in Digital Media and Civic Education. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 119–138). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, P. (2012, December 11). What Is the Definition of Civic Engagement? Retrieved from http://peterlevine.ws/?p=10357

  • Levine, P., & Youniss, J. (2009). Policy for Youth Civic Engagement. In J. Youniss & P. Levine (Eds.), Engaging Young People in Civic Life (pp. 1–9). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, M. (2010). The Civic Empowerment Gap: Defining the Problem and Locating Solutions. In L. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, & C. Flanagan (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth (pp. 331–361). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Linton, A. (2015). Politically Engaged and Alienated Youth: Reevaluating 2010 UK Student Protests. In E. Middaugh & B. Kirshner (Eds.), #youthaction: Becoming Political in the Digital Age (pp. 191–207). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lister, R., Smith, N., Middleton, S., & Cox, L. (2003). Empirical Perspectives on Theoretical and Political Debate. Citizenship Studies, 7, 235–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lister, R., Smith, N., Middleton, S., & Cox, L. (2005). Young People Talking About Citizenship in Britain. In N. Kabeer (Ed.), Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions (pp. 114–131). New York: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lithwick, D. (2018, February 28). They Were Trained for This Moment: How the Student Activists of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High Demonstrate the Power of a Comprehensive Education. Slate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S. (2007). Youthful Experts? A Critical Appraisal of Children’s Emerging Literacy. In R. Mansell, C. Avgerou, D. Quah, & R. Silverstone (Eds.), Oxford Handbook on ICTs (pp. 494–513). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S. (2009). Children and the Internet: Great Expectations, Challenging Realities. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S. (2010). Digital Learning and Participation Among Youth: Critical Reflections on Future Research Priorities. International Journal of Learning and Media, 2(2–3), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2004). Taking Up Online Opportunities? Children’s Uses of the Internet for Education, Communication and Participation. E-Learning, 1(3), 395–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loader, B. D. (2007). Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Disaffected or Displaced? In B. D. Loader (Ed.), Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media (pp. 1–17). London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible Selves. The American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquette, H., & Mineshima, D. (2002). Civic Education in the United States: Lessons for the UK. Parliamentary Affairs, 55(3), 539–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, D. (1996). Personality, Modernity, and the Storied Self: A Contemporary Framework for Studying Persons. Psychological Inquiry, 74(4), 295–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, T. H. (2000). Citizenship Education in England: The Crick Report and Beyond. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 34(4), 541–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. M., Daily, K., Guo, Z., Eveland Jr., W. P., Bayer, J., Yang, S., et al. (1996). Community Integration, Local Media Use and Democratic Processes. Communication Research, 23, 179–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, Communication, & Participation: The Role of Mass Media and Interpersonal Discussion in Local Political Participation. Political Communication, 16, 315–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D., & Chavis, D. (1986). Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesch, G. S., & Coleman, S. (2007). New Media and New Voters: Young People, the Internet and the 2005 UK Election Campaign. In B. D. Loader (Ed.), Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media (pp. 35–47). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middaugh, E. (2016, August 26). Social Media and Online Communities Expose Youth to Political Conversation, But Also to Incivility and Conflict. USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog. London School of Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middaugh, E., & Kirshner, B. (2015). Educating Powerful Citizens in a Changing World. In E. Middaugh & B. Kirshner (Eds.), #youthaction: Becoming Political in the Digital Age (pp. 1–8). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihailidis, P. (2014). Media Literacy and the Emerging Citizen: Youth, Engagement, and Participation in Digital Culture. New York: Peter Lang, Inc..

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (2004). Citizenship Education Policy at the School District Level. Issue Paper. Education Commission of the States.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, H. (2009). Youth Electoral Participation in Canada and Scandinavia. In J. Youniss & P. Levine (Eds.), Engaging Young People in Civic Life (pp. 187–218). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2008). Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society and Participation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouffe, C. (1992). Citizenship and Political Identity. October, 61, 28–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muuss, R. E. (1996). Theories of Adolescence. London: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, J. (1987). Participation. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam, T. (2012). Dual Effects of the Internet on Political Activism: Reinforcing and Mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, 29(S1), S90–S97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasir, N. S., & Hand, V. (2008). From the Court to the Classroom: Opportunities for Engagement, Learning, and Identity in Basketball and Classroom Mathematics. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 17, 143–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasir, N. S., & Kirshner, B. (2003). The Cultural Construction of Moral and Civic Identities. Applied Developmental Science, 7, 138–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (2011). The Nation’s Report Card: Civics 2010 (NCES 2011–466). Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J., & Kerr, D. (2006). Active Citizenship in INCA Countries: Definitions, Policies, Practices and Outcomes: Final Report. London, England: Qualification and Curriculum Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • NPR. (2009, December 27). Republican Politicians Make a Social Media Push. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121891988

  • Nystrand, M., Gamoran, A., & Carbonaro, W. (2001). On the Ecology of Classroom Instruction: The Case of Writing in High School English and Social Studies. In P. Tynjala, L. Mason, & K. Lonka (Eds.), Writing as a Learning Tool (pp. 57–81). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ohler, J. (2011). Digital Citizenship Means Character Education for the Digital Age. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47, 25–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oser, J., Hooghe, M., & Marien, S. (2013). Is Online Participation Distinct from Offline Participation? A Latent Class Analysis of Participation Types and Their Stratification. Political Research Quarterly, 66(1), 91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyedemi, T. (2015). Internet Access as Citizen’s Right? Citizenship in the Digital Age. Citizenship Studies, 19(3–4), 450–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D. L., & Trapnell, P. D. (2008). Self-presentation of Personality: An Agency-communion Framework. In O. John, R. Robins, & L. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 492–517). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center. (2018, February 5). Mobile Fact Sheet. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: Internet and Technology http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/

  • Pickard, S. (2019). Politics, Protest and Young People: Political Participation and Dissent in 21st Century Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Poindexter, P. M. (2012). Millennials, News, and Social Media. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polat, R. K. (2005). The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Explanatory Links. European Journal of Communication, 20, 435–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polat, R. K., & Pratchett, L. (2014). Citizenship in the Age of the Internet: A Comparative Analysis of Britain and Turkey. Citizenship Studies, 18(1), 63–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pontes, A., Henn, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Towards a Conceptualization of Young People’s Political Engagement: A Qualitative Focus Group Study. Societies, 8(1), 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pontes, A. I., Henn, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Youth Political (Dis) Engagement and the Need for Citizenship Education: Encouraging Young People’s Civic and Political Participation Through the Curriculum. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 14(1), 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarized Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Touchstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., & boyd, d. (2011). Teen Communities. In G. A. Barnett (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Networks (Vol. 1). SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan-Haase, A., Wellman, B., Witte, J. C., & Hampton, K. N. (2002). Capitalizing on the Net: Social Contact, Civic Engagement, and Sense of Community. In B. Wellman & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The Internet in Everyday Life (pp. 291–324). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Lt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Railey, H., & Brennan, J. (2016). Education Trends Companion Report: 50-State Comparison: Civic Education. Education Commission of the States.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainie, L., Smith, A., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H., & Verba, S. (2012). Social Media and Political Engagement. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center Internet & American Life Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynes-Goldie, K., & Walker, L. (2008). Our Space: Online Civic Engagement Tools for Youth. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 161–188). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheingold, H. (2008). Using Participatory Media and Public Voice to Encourage Civic Engagement. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 97–118). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riger, S., & Lavrakas, P. (1981). Community Ties: Patterns of Attachment and Social Interaction in Urban Neighborhoods. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A. (2008). Organizing a Curriculum for Active Citizenship Education. In J. Arthur, I. Davies, & C. Hahn (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy (pp. 492–505). London, England: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rui, J., & Stefanone, M. A. (2012). Strategic Self-presentation Online: A Cross-cultural Study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 110–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rui, J., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013). Strategic Image Management Online. Information, Communication & Society, 16(8), 1286–1305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sant, E. (2014). What Does Political Participation Mean to Spanish Students? Journal of Social Science Education, 13(4), 11–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. (1985). Identity and Self-identification. In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The Self and Social Life (pp. 65–99). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. (1986). Self-identification: Toward an Integration of the Private and Public Self. In Public Self and Private Self (pp. 21–62). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. (2012). Self-Presentation. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed., pp. 542–570). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlozman, K., Verba, S., & Brady, H. (2010). Weapon of the Strong: Participatory Inequality and the Internet. Perspectives on Politics, 8, 487–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seale, J., & Dutton, W. (2012). Empowering the Digitally Excluded: Learning Initiatives for (In)visible Groups. Research in Learning Technology, 20(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Selman, R. (1971). Taking Another’s Perspective: Role-taking Development in Early Childhood. Child Development, 42, 1721–1734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2003). ‘Doing IT for the Kids’: Re-examining Children, Computers and the ‘Information Society’. Media, Culture, & Society, 25(3), 351–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N., Gorard, S., & Furlong, J. (2006). Adult Learning in the Digital Age: Information Technology and the Learning Society. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serriere, S. C. (2014). The Role of the Elementary Teacher in Fostering Civic Efficacy. The Social Studies, 105(1), 45–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Servaes, J. (2003). Digital Citizenship and Information Inequalities: Challenges for the Future. In J. Servaes (Ed.), The European Information Society: A Reality Check (pp. 231–238). Bristol: Intellect Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakespeare, W. (2004 [1623]). As You Like It. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrod, L., Torney-Purta, J., & Flanagan, C. (2010). Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. (1999). The Effects of Investments in the Social Capital of Youth on Political and Civic Behavior in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis. Political Psychology, 20(3), 553–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soep, E. (2015). Phones Aren’t Smart Until You Tell Them What To Do. In E. Middaugh & B. Kirshner (Eds.), #youthaction: Becoming Political in the Digital Age (pp. 25–41). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stepick, A., Stepick, C., & Labissiere, C. (2008). South Florida’s Immigrant Youth and Civic Engagement. Applied Developmental Science, 12(2), 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subrahmanyam, K., & Šmahel, D. (2011). Digital Youth: The Role of Media in Development. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sveningsson, M. (2016). ‘I Wouldn’t Have What It Takes’: Young Swedes’ Understandings of Political Participation. Young, 24(2), 139–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing Up Digital. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teruelle, R. (2012). Social Media and Youth Activism. In H. S. Al-Deen & J. A. Hendricks (Eds.), Social Media: Usage and Impact (pp. 201–217). Plymouth: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S. N. (2018). Promoting Digital Citizenship in First-year Students: Framing Information Literacy as a Tool to Help Peers. College & Undergraduate Libraries, 25(1), 52–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tynes, B., & Monterosa, V. (2015). The Making of a Global Citizen: A Model Supporting Civic Learning Opportunities Among Urban Latino Youth. In E. Middaugh & B. Kirshner (Eds.), #youthaction: Becoming Political in the Digital Age (pp. 169–189). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, J., & Hacker, K. (2003). The Digital Divide as a Complex and Dynamic Phenomenon. The Information Society: An International Journal, 19, 315–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez, A., & LaRose, R. (2015). Youth Collective Activism Through Social Media: The Role of Collective Efficacy. New Media & Society, 17(6), 899–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vissers, S., & Stolle, D. (2014). Spill-over Effects Between Facebook and On/Offline Political Participation? Evidence from a Two-wave Panel Study. Journal of Information, Technology, and Politics, 11(3), 259–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, S., Gibson, R., & Lusoli, W. (2003). Online Participation and Mobilisation in Britain: Hype, Hope and Reality. Parliamentary Affairs, 56, 652–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, S. C. (2009). The Young and the Digital: What the Migration to Social-Network Sites, Games, and Anytime, Anywhere Media Means for Our Future. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, L., Loumakis, A., & Bergman, J. (2003). Who Participates and Why? An Analysis of Citizens on the Internet and the Mass Public. Social Science Computer Review, 21, 26–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, E. (2014). The Personal Is Political on Social Media: Online Civic Expression Patterns and Pathways Among Civically Engaged Youth. The International Journal of Communication, 8, 210–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, E., Rundle, M., & James, C. (2015). A Hush Falls Over the Crowd? Diminished Online Civic Expression Among Young Civic Actors. International Journal of Communication, 9, 84–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheimer, J. (2004). Introduction – The Politics of Civic Education. PS: Political Science and Politics, 37(2), 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, D. S., & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and Residents: A New Typology for Online Engagement. First Monday, 16(9).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. F., & Gilovich, T. (2008). Do People Really Believe They Are Above Average? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1121–1128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wollman, N., & Stouder, R. (1991). Believed Efficacy and Political Activity: A Test of the Specificity Hypothesis. Journal of Social Psychology, 131(4), 557–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xenos, M., & Foot, K. (2008). Not Your Father’s Internet: The Generation Gap in Online Politics. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (pp. 51–70). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2015). Social Media and Mobiles as Political Mobilization Forces for Young Adults: Examining the Moderating Role of Online Political Expression in Political Participation. New Media & Society, 17(6), 880–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., & Levine, P. (2009). A “Younger Americans Act”: An Old Idea for a New Era. In J. Youniss & P. Levine (Eds.), Engaging Young People in Civic Life (pp. 13–28). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., McLellan, J. A., & Yates, M. (1997). What We Know About Engendering Civic Identity. The American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 620–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (1997). Community Service and Social Responsibility in Youth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Higher Education Research and Scholarship, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Julianne K. Viola

Authors
  1. Julianne K. Viola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Viola, J.K. (2020). Where Technology, Youth, and Civics Meet: A Springboard for Understanding Civic Identity. In: Young People's Civic Identity in the Digital Age. Palgrave Studies in Young People and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37405-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation