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Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World pp 163–204Cite as

Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China

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Abstract

Yunnan is one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Its huge diversity of topography, climate and vegetation nourishes rich wild edible mushroom diversity. Based on rough statistics, Yunnan has more than 600 species of wild edible mushrooms, of which more than 80% are mycorrhizal. Around 321 species of wild edible mushrooms are sold in the province, and 164 are commonly traded on local markets. Yunnan produces and exports more matsutake and truffles than any other Chinese province, generating large amount of foreign currency for local families. Yunnan has 24 ethnic minorities, and most of these people live in mountainous regions where wild edible mushrooms are an important livelihood. Production of the wild edible mushrooms has declined since large-scale commercial harvesting began in the 1990s. Although there have been a variety of efforts to manage mushroom resources, protection and restoration of wild edible mushrooms have made little progress.

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Acknowledgments

This study has been funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFC0505206), Science and Technology Service Network Initiative, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2017), and Guizhou Science and Technology Program (No. 4002, 2018). We would like to thank Xiang-hua Wang, Rui-lin Zhao, Tie-zheng Wei, Yan-chun Li, Qi Zhao, Xiao-fei Shi, and Shan-ping Wan for their help in checking the data in the Appendix. Special thanks to Toni Atkinson for carefully reviewing the English.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Fuqiang Yu

  2. SWFU-KIBCAS Joint Institute for Applied Mycology, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Fuqiang Yu

  3. The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Alexis Guerin-Laguette

  4. Plant and Food Research, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Yun Wang

Authors
  1. Fuqiang Yu
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  2. Alexis Guerin-Laguette
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  3. Yun Wang
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Correspondence to Fuqiang Yu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiología, Edafología Campus Montecillo Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, China

    Jesús Pérez-Moreno

  2. Microbial Systems for Plant Protection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand

    Alexis Guerin-Laguette

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala

    Roberto Flores Arzú

  4. Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

    Fu-Qiang Yu

Appendix 1. Commercial Wild Mushrooms in Yunnan, Their Use/Property, and Quantity Traded

Appendix 1. Commercial Wild Mushrooms in Yunnan, Their Use/Property, and Quantity Traded

Taxa

Use/propertya

Quantity

 Ascomycota

  Hypocreales

   Cordycipitaceae

    Cordyceps militaris

Medicine

I

    Metacordyceps liangshanensis

Medicine NC

I

   Nectriaceae

    Pseudonectria bambusae

Medicine

I

   Ophiocordycipitaceae

    Ophiocordyceps crassispora

Medicine

I

    O. sinensis

Medicine

I

    O. sobolifera

Medicine

III

  Leotiales

   Leotiaceae

    Leotia aurantipes

Medicine NC

I

  Pezizales

   Helvellaceae

    Helvella elastica

Food

I

    H. involuta

Food

I

    H. macropus

Food

I

    H. maculatoides

Food

I

    H. orienticrispa

Food

I

    H. orienticrispa

Food

I

    H. pseudoreflexa

Food

I

    H. rugosa

Food

I

    H. sublactea

Food

I

    H. zhongtiaoensis

Food

II

   Morchellaceae

  

    Morchella galilaea

Food

I

    M. eohespera

Food

I

    M. eximia

Food

III

    M. exuberans

Food

I

    M. importuna

Food

III

    M. meiliensis

Food

I

    M. sextelata

Food

III

   Tuberaceae

  

    Tuber glabrum

Food

I

    T. himalayense

Food

II

    T. indicum

Food

IV

    T. liyuanum

Food

III

    T. microspermum

Food

I

    T. microsphaerosporum

Food

I

    T. microspiculatum

Food

I

    T. microverrucosum

Food

I

    T. panzhihuanense

Food

II

    T. pseudohimalayense

Food

III

    T. sinoaestivum

Food

II

    T. sinopuberulum

Food

I

    T. vesicoperidium

Food

I

  Pleosporales

   Shiraiaceae

    Shiraia bambusicola

Medicine

I

   Xylariales

  

    Engleromyces sinensis

Medicine

II

 Basidiomycota

  Agaricales

   Agaricaceae

    Agaricus flocculosipes

Food

I

    A. guizhouensis

Food

I

    A. macrocarpus

Food

I

    Calvatia cyathiformis

Food & Medicine

I

    Macrolepiota procera

Food

I

   Amanitaceae

    Amanita caesareoides

Food

II

    A. fritillaria

Poisonous NC

I

    A. hemibapha

Food

II

    A. hemibapha var. ochracea

Food

IV

    A. javanica

Food

I

    A. manginiana

Food

II

    A. pseudoporphyria

Food NC

I

    A. sinensis

Food NC

I

    A. virgineoides

Poisonous AM

I

    A. yuaniana

Food

I

   Clavariaceae

    Scytinopogon echinosporus

Food

II

   Cortinariaceae

    Cortinarius emodensis

Food

III

    C. purpurascens

Food

I

    C. tenuipes

Food

I

   Entolomataceae

    Entoloma clypeatum

Food

I

   Hydnangiaceae

  

    Laccaria alba

Food

I

    L. amethystina

Food

II

    Laccaria laccata

Food

III

    L. vinaceoavellanea

Food

II

   Hygrophoraceae

    Hygrophorus camarophyllus

Food

I

    H. eburneus

Food

I

    H. robustus

Food

I

    H. russula

Food

III

   Inocybaceae

    Inocybe flavobrunnea

Poisonous AM

I

   Lyophyllaceae

    Lyophyllum fumosum

Food

II

    L. shimeji

Food

IV

    Termitomyces aurantiacus

Food

II

    T. bulborhizus

Food

III

    T. clypeatus

Food

IV

    T. eurhizus

Food

IV

    T. globulus

Food

II

    T. heimii

Food

III

    T. mammiformis

Food

II

    T. microcarpus

Food

III

    T. striatus

Food

II

   Omphalotaceae

    Lentinula edodes

Food

III

   Physalacriaceae

  

    Armillaria mellea

Food

I

    A. tabescens

Food

I

    Oudemansiella raphanipes

Food

I

   Pleurotaceae

    Pleurotus flabellatus

Food NC

I

    P. ostreatus

Food

I

    P. platypus

Food

I

   Schizophyllaceae

    Schizophyllum commune

Food & Medicine

II

   Tricholomataceae

    Catathelasma imperiale

Food

II

    C. ventricosum

Food

IV

    Clitocybe eccentrica

Food

I

    Collybia obscura

Food

I

    Lepista nuda

Food

I

    Leucopaxillus tricolor

Food

I

    Macrocybe gigantea

Food

I

    Tricholoma bakamatsutake

Food

II

    T. flavovirens

Food NC

II

    T. fulvocastaneum

Food

I

    T. imbricatum

Food

I

    T. lavendulophyllum

Food

I

    T. matsutake

Food

IV

    T. myomyces

Food

III

    T. robustum

Food

I

    T. saponaceum

Poisonous NC

I

  Auriculariales

   Auriculariaceae

    Auricularia delicata

Food

III

    A. heimuer

Food

II

    A. nigricans

Food

II

  Boletales

   Boletaceae

    Baorangia pseudocalopus

Food

I

    Boletellus ananas

Poisonous NC

I

    Boletus bainiugan

Food

IV

    B. citrifragrans

Food

I

    B. gertrudiae

Food

I

    B. instabilis

Food

II

    B. miniato-olivaceus

Food WC

I

    B. obscureumbrinus

Food WC

II

    B. orientialbus

Food

I

    B. punctilifer

Food

I

    B. reticuloceps

Food

II

    B. sensibilis

Food WC

II

    B. shiyong

Food

IV

    B. sinoedulis

Food

IV

    B. taienus

Food

I

    B. tomentipes

Food

I

    B. violaceofuscus

Food

I

    B. viscidiceps

Food

III

    B. yunnanensis

Food

I

    Buchwaldoboletus hemichrysus

Poisonous NC

I

    Butyriboletus roseoflavus

Food WC

IV

    Caloboletus panniformis

Food

I

    C. yunnanensis

Food

I

    Crocinoboletus laetissimus

Food

I

    Heimioporus retisporus

Poisonous AM

I

    Hortiboletus rubellus

Food

II

    H. subpaludosus

Food

I

    Hourangia cheoi

Food

I

    H. microcarpa

Food

I

    H. nigropunctata

Food

I

    Lanmaoa asiatica

Food WC

IV

    Leccinellum crocipodium

Food

II

    Leccinum aurantiacum

Food

III

    L. holopus

Food

I

    L. rubropunctum

Food

I

    L. rugosiceps

Food

I

    L. scabrum

Food

I

    Neoboletus brunneissimus

Food

IV

    N. thibetanus

Food

I

    Phylloporus bellus

Food

I

    P. brunneiceps

Food

I

    P. imbricatus

Food

I

    P. luxiensis

Food

I

    P. maculatus

Food

I

    P. pachycystidiatus

Food

I

    P. rubrosquamosus

Food

I

    P. yunnanensis

Food

II

    Pulveroboletus ravenelii

Poisonous NC

I

    Retiboletus fuscus

Food

IV

    R. griseus

Food

I

    R. kauffmanii

Food

I

    R. nigerrimus

Food

I

    R. ornatipes

Food NC

I

    Rubinoboletus balloui

Food

I

    Rubroboletus sinicus

Food WC

II

    Rugiboletus brunneiporus

Food

I

    R. extremiorientalis

Food

IV

    Strobilomyces confusus

Food NC

I

    S. mirandus

Food NC

I

    S. strobilaceus

Food NC

I

    Suillellus luridus

Food

I

    S. queletii

Poisonous NC

I

    Sutorius eximius

Poisonous NC

I

    S. magnificus

Food WC

IV

    Tylopilus brunneirubens

Food NC

I

    T. nanus

Food NC

I

    T. neofelleus

Poisonous NC

I

    T. otsuensis

Poisonous NC

I

    T. plumbeoviolaceus

Poisonous AM

I

    T. virens

Poisonous AM

I

    Veloporphyrellus velatus

Food NC

I

    Xerocomellus chrysenteron

Food

I

    Zangia olivaceobrunnea

Food

I

    Z. roseola

Food

I

   Boletinellaceae

    Phlebopus portentosus

Food

IV

   Gomphidiaceae

    Chroogomphus confusus

Food

I

    C. filiformis

Food

I

    C. orientirutilus

Food

I

    Gomphidius roseus

Food

I

   Gyroporaceae

    Gyroporus castaneus

Poisonous NC

I

    G. longicystidiatus

Food NC

I

   Rhizopogonaceae

    Rhizopogon jiyaozi

Food

I

   Suillaceae

    Suillus cavipes

Food

I

    S. granulatus

Food

II

    S. grevillei

Food

II

    S. luteus

Food

II

    S. pictus

Food NC

I

    S. pinetorum

Food

III

    S. sibiricus

Food

I

   Sclerodermataceae

    Pisolithus arhizus

Medicine NC

I

    Scleroderma flavidum

Poisonous NC

I

    S. yunnanense

Food

III

  Cantharellales

   Cantharellaceae

    Cantharellus appalachiensis

Food

I

    C. carneoflavus

Food

I

    C. cibarius

Food

IV

    C. cinereus

Food

I

    C. cinnabarinus

Food

III

    C. formosus

Food

IV

    C. hygrophorus

Food

I

    C. infundibuliformis

Food

II

    C. minor

Food

II

    C. odoratus

Food

II

    C. phloginus

Food

I

    C. subalbidus

Food

II

    C. tuberculosporus

Food

I

    C. xanthopus

Food

III

    C. yunnanensis

Food

II

    Craterellus aureus

Food

II

    C. cornucopioides

Food

II

    C. lutescens

Food

II

    C. tubaeformis

Food

III

   Clavulinaceae

  

    Clavulina coralloides

Food

I

   Hydnaceae

    Hydnum repandum

Food

II

  Gomphales

   Gomphaceae

    Gomphus orientalis

Poisonous NC

I

    Phaeoclavulina cyanocephala

Food

II

    Ramaria asiatica

Food

II

    R. botrytoides var. microspora

Food

II

    R. brunneipes

Food

I

    R. cyanocephala

Food

I

    R. distinctissima

Food

II

    R. eryuanensis

Food

III

    R. fennica

Food

II

    R. formosa

Poisonous NC

I

    R. hemirubella

Food

IV

    R. hilaris

Food

II

    R. indoyunnaniana

Food

III

    R. laeviformosoides

Food

I

    R. linearioides

Food

I

    R. linearis

Food NC

I

    R. mairei

Food

III

    R. nanispora

Food NC

I

    R. neoformosa var. sinensis

Food

II

    R. rubriattenuipes

Food

II

    R. rubricarnata var. laeta

Food

I

    R. sanguinipes

Food

II

    R. sinoconjunctipes

Food

I

    R. zebrispora

Food

I

    Turbinellus floccosus

Poisonous NC

II

    T. fujisanensis

Poisonous NC

I

  Polyporales

   Ganodermataceae

    Amauroderma rugosum

Medicine

I

    Ganoderma applanatum

Medicine

II

    G. cochlear

Medicine

III

    G. lingzhi

Medicine

IV

    G. lucidum

Medicine

II

    G. mutabile

Medicine

I

    G. sinense

Medicine

I

   Meripilaceae

    Meripilus giganteus

Food

I

   Meruliaceae

    Irpex lacteus

Food

I

   Polyporaceae

    Cryptoporus sinensis

Medicine

I

    Grifola frondosa

Food

I

    Lentinus sajor-caju

Food

I

    L. squarrosulus

Food

I

    L. tuber-regium

Food

I

    Wolfiporia cocos

Medicine

I

   Sparassidaceae

    Sparassis latifolia

Food

I

    S. subalpina

Food NC

I

  Russulales

   Albatrellaceae

    Albatrellus confluens

Food

II

    A. ellisii

Food

IV

    A. flettii

Food

I

    A. fumosus

Food

I

    A. ovinus

Food

I

    A. skamanius

Food

I

    A. yunnanensis

Food

I

    Neoalbatrellus yasudae

Food

I

    Polypus dispansus

Food NC

III

    Scutiger pes-caprae

Food

I

   Hericiaceae

    Hericium alpestre

Food

I

    H. coralloides

Food

I

    H. erinaceus

Food

I

   Russulaceae

    Lactarius chichuensis

Food

I

    L. cinnamomeus

Food

II

    L. deliciosus

Food

IV

    L. echinatus

Food

II

    L. gerardii

Food

I

    L. hatsudake

Food

IV

    L. hengduanensis

Food

II

    L. piperatus

Food WC

I

    L. pseudohatsudake

Food

II

    L. vividus

Food

III

    L. zonarius

Food

I

    Lactifluus hygrophoroides

Food

III

    L. volemus

Food

IV

    L. subpiperatus

Food

I

    L. subpruinosus

Food

I

    L. tenuicystidiatus

Food

I

    L. tropicosinicus

Food

I

    Russula atroaeruginea

Food

II

    R. aurata

Food

I

    R. brunneoviolacea

Food

I

    R. compacta

Food

III

    R. cyanoxantha

Food

III

    R. densifolia

Food

I

    R. griseocarnosa

Food & Medicine

IV

    R. laurocerasi

Food

II

    R. lepida

Food

I

    R. melliolens

Food

I

    R. nigricans

Food

I

    R. ochroleuca

Food

I

    R. sanguinea

Poisonous NC

I

    R. virescens

Food

IV

    R. viridirubrolimbata

Food

II

  Thelephorales

   Bankeraceae

    Boletopsis grisea

Food

III

    Hydnellum cumulatum

Food

II

    Sarcodon amarescens

Food

I

    S. excentricus

Food

I

    S. imbricatus

Food

IV

    S. scabrosus

Food

II

    S. squamosus

Food

II

   Thelephoraceae

    Polyozellus multiplex

Food

I

    Thelephora ganbajun

Food

IV

    T. japonica

Food

I

    T. palmata

Food

I

    T. vialis

Food

II

    T. aurantiotincta

Food

I

  Tremellales

   Tremellaceae

    Naematelia aurantialba

Food & Medicine

I

  1. aFood, with clear evidence that the species is used as food; Food NC, not certain/confirmed that the species is used as food; Food WC, with caution/conditions and recorded as poisonous in some references; Poisonous AM, toxic to animals in lab test, effect on humans not recorded or unknown; Poisonous NC, confusion/uncertainty; Medicine, with clear evidence that the species is used as medicine; Medicine NC, not certain/confirmed or where there is a lack of consensus; Quantity traded: I, small; II, moderate; III, large; IV, enormous quantity

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Yu, F., Guerin-Laguette, A., Wang, Y. (2020). Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China. In: Pérez-Moreno, J., Guerin-Laguette, A., Flores Arzú, R., Yu, FQ. (eds) Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37378-8_6

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