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Small-Scale Fisheries in Spain: Diversity and Challenges

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Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance

Part of the book series: MARE Publication Series ((MARE,volume 23))

Abstract

Small-scale fisheries constitute an important segment of the Spanish fishing fleet. Within the European context, the Spanish small-scale fleet is the third largest behind only Greece and Italy. The historical, cultural, economic, and social significance of this fishing sector in Spain is high, as is the range of gears and strategies used. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the condition of small-scale fisheries in Spain. It focuses on factors which have influenced the development of the sector over time. It thus pays attention to the role of local fisher organisations (cofradías), the interactions that occur with other fisheries but also with tourism, and the effects of the European Common Fisheries Policy. This chapter argues that small-scale fisheries in the country differ from one region to another, but all face serious challenges both at sea and in the markets. These are to be addressed by relevant actors at different scale levels.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the state” (UNCLOS, Art. 8).

  2. 2.

    As stated in the Council Regulation (EC) No 1198/2006 on the European Fisheries Fund: “1. For the purpose of this Article, ‘small-scale coastal fishing’ means fishing carried out by fishing vessels of an overall length of less than 12 metres and not using towed gear as listed in Table 3 in Annex I of Commission Regulation (EC) No 26/2004 of 30 December 2003 regarding the fishing vessels register of the Community”.

  3. 3.

    There are several regulations that refer to the EU fisheries funds and that transpose EU regulations into the national legal framework. For instance, see Royal Decree 1549/2009, of October 9, on the management of the fishing sector and adaptation to the European Fisheries Fund: CHAPTER V Artisanal coastal fishing. Article 34. Object. 1. “For the purposes of this Royal Decree, artisanal coastal fishing is defined as fishing carried out by fishing vessels of an overall length of less than 12 metres and which do not use towed gear”. See also Royal Decree 3448/2000, of December 22, which establishes the basic regulations for structural aid in the fishing sector: “Article 29. Artisanal coastal fishing. 1. For the purposes of this Royal Decree, artisanal coastal fishing shall be understood as fishing practised by vessels of an overall length of less than 12 meters”.

  4. 4.

    Royal Decree 963/2013, 5 December establishes the minimum crew for safety reasons of fishing vessels and fishing auxiliaries and regulates the procedure for their assignment (BOE December 31, 2013). It is relevant to note the definition of artisanal fishing : “fishing activity carried out with vessels of up to 12 metres in length” (Art. 4.10).

  5. 5.

    As stated in the STECF (2018) report: “On 2016, 4123 vessels were covered by the fishing activity ‘small-scale coastal fleet’ in accordance with the European definition. However, this classification differs from the Spanish classification that includes on this fishing activity the mobile gears of 12 meters (DTS, DRB, and PS). This type of vessels is covered under the EU classification on the activity “Large-scale Fleet”, so the result is that the information that emanates from this report will show some distorted data with the reality of the Spanish small and the large-scale fleet” (p. 487). Based on this source, and taking into account only the small dredgers (DRB, under 12 m), 1828 vessels were included in the EU category of large-scale fleet, while pertaining to the Spanish category of small-scale gears… This highlights clear discrepancies between EU and Spanish statistics, distorting the use of EU data for the analysis of small-scale and large-scale fisheries in Spain and elsewhere, as well as showing the limitations of the EU definition.

  6. 6.

    Regional governments can regulate many aspects of this activity for internal waters.

  7. 7.

    Order AAA/2536/2015 and Order APA/441/2019 regulates the gears and modalities of maritime fishing and establishes a management plan for the vessels of the census of the National Fisheries of the Canary Islands.

  8. 8.

    Decree 87/2007, 12 April, by which the marine reserve of fishing interest “Os Miñarzos” was created. Galician Government Gazette.

  9. 9.

    Decree 28/2009, 29 January, by which the marine reserve of fishing interest “Ria de Cedeira” was created. Galician Government Gazette.

  10. 10.

    Decree 45/2018, 14 December, establishing the marine reserve on the northeast coast of Ibiza-Tagomago and regulating the extraction of marine flora and fauna and underwater activities (BOCAIB of 15 December 2018).

  11. 11.

    Cofradías de pescadores can be translated into English either as fisher guilds or fisher brotherhoods. In the different languages spoken in Spain, the naming of these institutions may vary: confraries de pescadors in Catalan or arrantzaleen kofradiak in Euskera. Historically they have been named in different ways, such as cofradías, pósitos, or gremios de mareantes.

  12. 12.

    Decree 670/1978 (http://goo.gl/GkpJf6) details their functions.

  13. 13.

    https://www.fncp.eu/quienes-somos/, accessed June 9, 2019.

  14. 14.

    In the elections of 2018, this number was reduced to six, see https://bit.ly/2MopmYX

  15. 15.

    In Spain, fishers and those who work in shellfishing, aquaculture, or other sea-related activities have a special social security system called Social Security of Seafarers (Régimen Especial de Trabajadores del Mar). From 1993 onward, affiliation to this system became compulsory for shellfishers.

  16. 16.

    Law 5/2017 of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Valencia Region.

  17. 17.

    Law 2/2007 of Marine Fishery and Aquaculture of Murcia Region.

  18. 18.

    Catalan Law 22/2002, of July 12th of Fishers Guilds.

  19. 19.

    Andalusian Decree 86/2004 of March second, about Fishers Guilds and their Institutions.

  20. 20.

    Order of April 25, 2017, regulating octopus catches (Octopus vulgaris) with specific gears in national fishing areas of Gulf of Cadiz, and creating a list of vessels authorised for this activity; and Order of February 18, 2016, regulating the trap gear for octopus (Octopus vulgaris) on the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia.

  21. 21.

    Resolution of May 8, 2018 approving the pilot plan for the management of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) with pots for the 2018–2019 campaign.

  22. 22.

    Xunta de Galicia (2018) Anuario de Pesca 2017 Available online at https://www.pescadegalicia.gal/Publicaciones/AnuarioPesca2017/indice.html (Accessed February 15th, 2019).

  23. 23.

    Villasante S, Garcia-Rodrigues J, Pita P, Monteiro S, Matos F, Power AM, Pita C. (2019) Repository on Octopus supply and demand in Galicia, Cephs and Chefs Project.

  24. 24.

    The Order of June 29, 2017, is the most recent plan, regulating shellfishing from a vessel with a hydraulic dredge in the Gulf of Cadiz, establishing technical measures in order to reach maximum sustainable yield levels.

  25. 25.

    This is an old requisite for small-scale gear modality. See for instance Royal Decree 1428/1997, of September 15, which regulates fishing with small-scale gears in the Gulf of Cádiz fishing grounds.

  26. 26.

    Decree 118/2018, of 19 June, on the model of governance of commercial fisheries in Catalonia. Official Gazette of Catalonia, published 21-06-2018.

  27. 27.

    Advisory Councils (ACs) are organisations led by stakeholders capable of providing the Commission and EU countries with recommendations on fisheries management matters, with a regional perspective and in a diversity of issues (i.e. conservation and socio-economic aspects of management), see https://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/partners/advisory-councils_en

  28. 28.

    SWWAC covers the Atlantic zone running from the tip of Brittany in the north to the Strait of Gibraltar in the south and including the outermost regions of Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands (zones ICES VIII, IX and X, and the COPACE divisions 34.1.1).

  29. 29.

    See https://regp.pesca.mapama.es/

  30. 30.

    EU Council Regulation No 1559/2007 of 17 December 2007, which established a multi-year Recovery Plan for bluefin tuna in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean; and Order ARM/1244/2008, of 29 April, which regulates bluefin tuna fishing in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Similar regulations have been renewed each year up to the present date.

  31. 31.

    Resolution of 2 March, 2018, by the General Secretary of Fisheries, in which the quota allocation of bluefin tuna and the specific census of the authorised fleet to catch this species was published in the Official State Gazette «BOE» num. 64, 14 March, 2018, pages 29949 to 29957.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the projects “Governance challenges for sustainable small-scale fisheries: creating synergies with marine conservation and tourism” (GOBAMP II, CSO2013-45773-R, financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain), and the Macarofood project (Valorización de productos marinos de la Macaronesia: turismo, gastronomía y capacitación profesional, Interreg-MAC/2.3d/015), financed with the support of European Regional Development Fund.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Universitario de Investigación Social y Turismo (ISTUR), Departamento de Sociología y Antropología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

    José J. Pascual-Fernández & Raquel De la Cruz-Modino

  2. Departamento de Antropología Social, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain

    David Florido-del-Corral

  3. Departamento de Economía Aplicada, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela/Campus Do∗Mar – International Campus of Excellence, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Sebastián Villasante

Authors
  1. José J. Pascual-Fernández
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  2. David Florido-del-Corral
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  3. Raquel De la Cruz-Modino
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  4. Sebastián Villasante
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to José J. Pascual-Fernández .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Universitario de Investigación Social y Turismo (ISTUR), Departamento de Sociología y Antropología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

    José J. Pascual-Fernández

  2. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning (DAO), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Cristina Pita

  3. Norwegian College of Fisheries, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø, Norway, Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Maarten Bavinck

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Pascual-Fernández, J.J., Florido-del-Corral, D., De la Cruz-Modino, R., Villasante, S. (2020). Small-Scale Fisheries in Spain: Diversity and Challenges. In: Pascual-Fernández, J., Pita, C., Bavinck, M. (eds) Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance. MARE Publication Series, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37371-9_13

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