Abstract
Africa makes a relatively minor contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions compared with developed nations, yet the African continent will be increasingly vulnerable to climate change processes in the coming decades. Critical challenges include meeting basic needs for food, water, shelter, and other necessities without undermining biodiversity and ecosystem services. Coordination efforts to address multiple climate-related stressors have generally occurred at the national level and taken an external approach, with national governments favoring collaboration with foreign-based NGOs and other international institutions over working with lower levels of government. However, the involvement of actors at the local level correlates with decisions that are better adapted to local social-cultural and environmental contexts, reducing implementation costs and increasing trust, thereby increasing the equity and efficacy of decentralized approaches. This chapter examines indigenous and local knowledge of climate change. It addresses climate and environmental change from the perspectives of Kenyan pastoralists who identified a myriad of environmental issues that occur and interact at different scales. They also identified ways forward at several scales from the local to the global. The continued functioning of ecosystems by and for local populations will depend critically upon sound policy, planning, and practice.
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Notes
- 1.
We use the definition of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) provided by Diaz et al. (2015) and used by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment. It is also referred to by other terms such as indigenous, local, or traditional knowledge, traditional ecological/environmental knowledge (TEK), farmers’ or fishers’ knowledge, ethnoscience, indigenous science, and folk science (Diaz et al. 2015:13). We use indigenous knowledge and local knowledge interchangeably in the text.
- 2.
Videos produced as part of the study: Maasai Voices on Climate Change (and other changes too): https://vimeo.com/73980798; Pastoralist Voices on Climate Change: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=765l9XmMpDY; Of God, Rain and Motorbikes: https://vimeo.com/65117460
- 3.
Since 2010–2011 when we conducted this study, the government of Kenya has passed the Community Land Act, No. 27 of 2016 (https://kwcakenya.com/download/community-land-act-2016/?wpdmdl=10313), that recognizes and secures community land rights in former group ranches and trust lands including grazing rights.
- 4.
Government of Kenya. National Climate Change Response Strategy 2010 http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/documents/complete%20nccrs%20executive%20brief.pdf
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Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks to all the participants who provided knowledge in the workshops, focus groups, and interviews. Thank you to the team that made this project possible including David Nkedianye and Dickson ole Kaelo, Mohammed Khalif, and Gregory Akall. This project was funded by the USAID Climate Change Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program that changed its name in 2010 to Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change.
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Galvin, K.A. et al. (2020). Understanding Climate from the Ground Up: Knowledge of Environmental Changes in the East African Savannas. In: Welch-Devine, M., Sourdril, A., Burke, B. (eds) Changing Climate, Changing Worlds. Ethnobiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37312-2_11
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