Abstract
Power consumption has emerged to be a major design constraint for modern integrated circuits, especially for low power applications such as the “Internet of Things,” wearable, and implantable devices. Approximate computing (AC) is a promising paradigm to overcome the energy scaling barrier of computer systems. Approximate computing is a special type of computation which returns a possibly inaccurate result—but acceptable—rather than a guaranteed accurate result to save resources, memory, run-time, and energy. The motivation behind this is that some applications are computing their results more accurately than needed, so they waste resources. So, it trades off between accuracy in computation or acceptable quality of results and resources [1]
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Q. Xu, T. Mytkowicz, N.S. Kim, Approximate computing: A survey. IEEE Design Test 33, 8–22 (2016)
S. Mittal, A survey of techniques for approximate computing. ACM Comput. Surv. 48, 62:1–62:33 (2016)
Kulkarni, et al., Trading Accuracy for Power with an Under Designed Multiplier Architecture (2011)
Z. Zhao, W. Qian, A General Design of Stochastic Circuit and Its Synthesis (Design, Automation, and Test in Europe (DATE), Grenoble, 2015)
V. K. Chippa, S. T. Chakradhar, K. Roy, A. Raghunathan, Analysis and Characterization of Inherent Application Resilience for Approximate Computing, In The 50th Annual Design Automation Conference 2013, DAC’13. ACM (2013), pp. 1–9
J. Han, M. Orshansky, Approximate Computing: An Emerging Paradigm for Energy-Efficient Design, In Proc. of the 18th IEEE European Test Symposium. IEEE (2013), pp. 1–6
H. Esmaeilzadeh, A. Sampson, L. Ceze, D. Burger, Neural acceleration for general-purpose approximate programs. Commun. ACM 58(1), 105–115 (2015)
V. Gupta, D. Mohapatra, A. Raghunathan, K. Roy, Low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders. IEEE Trans Comp Aid Design Integr Cir Sys 32(1), 124–137 (2013)
K. Nepal, Y. Li, R. I. Bahar, S. Reda, ABACUS: A Technique for Automated Behavioral Synthesis of Approximate Computing Circuits. In 2014 Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE) (2014), pp. 1–6. https: //doi.org/10.7873/DATE.2014.374
Q. Xu et al., Approximate Computing: A Survey (IEEE Design & Test, 2016)
Q. Zhang, T. Wang, Y. Tian, et al., ApproxANN: An Approximate Computing Framework for Artificial Neural Network. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Design Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. EDA Consortium (2015), pp. 701–706
D. Mohapatra, V.K. Chippa, A. Raghunathan, et al., Design of Voltage-Scalable Meta-Functions for Approximate Computing. In: Design, Automation &Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2011. (IEEE, 2011), pp. 1–6
S. Venkataramani, V.K. Chippa, S.T. Chakradhar, et al. Quality Programmable Vector Processors for Approximate Computing. In: IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (ACM, 2013), pp. 1–12
K. Salah, Design and FPGA Implementation of Non-data Aided Timing and Carrier Recovery Techniques for EDR Bluetooth Standard. Signal processing algorithms, architectures, arrangements, and applications (SPA) (IEEE, 2008)
V. Gupta, D. Mohapatra, A. Raghunathan, K. Roy, Low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders. IEEE Trans. On CAD of Integr. Circuits and Systems 32(1), 124–137 (2013)
C.-H. Lin, I.-C. Lin, High Accuracy Approximate Multiplier with Error Correction. In: Computer Design (ICCD), 2013 IEEE 31st International Conference on. IEEE (2013), pp. 33–38
G.R. Morris, K. Abed, Mapping a Jacobi iterative solver onto a high performance heterogeneous computer. IEEE Trans Parallel and Distrib-Sys 24(1), 85–91 (2013)
H. Fathalizadeh, Solving Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations Using Neural Networks” 2016 4th International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, and Automation (ICCIA) (2016), pp. 27–28
S. Keskar, Design and implementation of low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders. Int J Sci Res Eng Technol., ISSN 2278 – 0882 4(2) (2015)
W. J. Poppelbaum, C. Afuso, J. W. Esch, Stochastic Computing Elements and Systems, In Proc. Fall Joint Comput. Conf., Nov. 14–16 (1967), pp. 635–644. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1465611.1465696
H. Sim, S. Kenzhegulov, J. Lee, DPS: Dynamic Precision Scaling for Stochastic Computing-based Deep Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Design Automation Conference (DAC ‘18). ACM, New York, NY, USA (2018), Article 13, p. 6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3195970.3196028
H. Sim, J. Lee, A New Stochastic Computing Multiplier with Application to Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. In 2017 54th ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) (2017), pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3061639.3062290
H. Sim, J. Lee, Log-Quantized Stochastic Computing for Memory and Computation Efficient DNNs. In Proceedings of the 24th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASPDAC ‘19). ACM (2019), pp. 280–285
W. El-Harouni, S. Rehman, B. S. Prabakaran, A. Kumar, R. Hafiz, M. Shafique, Embracing Approximate Computing for Energy-Efficient Motion Estimation in High Efficiency Video Coding. In 2017 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). IEEE (2017), pp. 1384–1389
M. Franceschi, Approximate FPGA Implementation of CORDIC for Tactile Data Processing using Speculative Adders. IEEE NGCAS (2017)
M.A. Hanif, A. Marchisio, T. Arif, R. Hafiz, S. Rehman, M. Shafique, X-DNNs: systematic cross-layer approximations for energy-efficient deep neural networks. J Low Power Electr 14(4), 520–534 (2018)
X. He, L. Ke, W. Lu, G. Yan, X. Zhang, AxTrain: Hardware-Oriented Neural Network Training for Approximate Inference. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED ‘18). ACM, New York, NY, USA (2018), Article 20, p. 6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3218603.3218643
S. Mittal, A survey of techniques for approximate computing. ACM Comp Surv 48(4), 62 (2016)
R. Soheil Hashemi I. Bahar, S. Reda, DRUM: A Dynamic Range Unbiased Multiplier for Approximate Applications. In IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD ‘15) (2015)
H. Jiang, C. Liu, N. Maheshwari, F. Lombardi, J. Han. A Comparative Evaluation of Approximate Multipliers. In IEEE/ACM Int. Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH) (2016)
P. Coussy, An Introduction to High-Level Synthesis. In IEEE Design & Test of Computers (2009)
K. Salah, Design and FPGA Implementation of Non-data Aided Timing and Carrier Recovery Techniques for EDR Bluetooth Standard. Signal Processing Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications (SPA), 2008. (IEEE, 2008)
A. Aponte-Moreno, C. Pedraza, F. Restrepo-Calle, Reducing Overheads in Software-based Fault Tolerant Systems using Approximate Computing. IEEE (2019)
A. Momeni, J. Han, P. Montuschi, et al., Design and analysis of approximate compressors for multiplication. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64(4), 984–994 (2015)
N. Sayed, F. Oboril, A. Shirvanian, R. Bishnoi, M. Tahoori, Exploiting STT-MRAM for Approximate Computing. 22nd IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS) (2017)
B. Zeinali, D. Karsinos, F. Moradi, Progressive Scaled STT-RAM for Approximate Computing in Multimedia Applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, (2017)
Kim et al., Flipping Bits in Memory without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors. ISCA (2014)
C. M. Sadler, M. Martonosi, Data Compression Algorithms for Energy-Constrained Devices in Delay Tolerant Networks, Proceeding of ACM SenSys (2006)
K. Salah, FPGA Implementation of Bluetooth 2.0 Transceiver. In Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS international conference on System science and simulation in engineering (World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), 2006)
G.J. Sullivan et al., Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. IEEE Trans. Circ Syst Video Technol 22(12), 1649–1668 (2012)
Data compression, En.wikipedia.org (2018). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression
M. Nourazar, V. Rashtchi, A. Azarpeyvand, F. Merrikh-Bayat, Code acceleration using Memristor-based approximate matrix multiplier: Application to convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Syst 26, 12 (2018)
L. Renganarayana, V. Srinivasan, R. Nair, and D. Prener, Programming with Relaxed Synchronization. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Workshop on Relaxing Synchronization for Multicore and Manycore Scalability - RACES ‘12, New York: ACM Press, 2012, p. 41
F. Restrepo-Calle, A. Martinez-Alvarez, S. Cuenca-Asensi, A. Jimeno-Morenilla, Selective SWIFT-R. a flexible software-based technique for soft error mitigation in low-cost embedded systems. J. Electron. Test. 29(6), 825–838 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mohamed, K.S. (2020). Approximate Computing: Towards Ultra-Low-Power Systems Design. In: Neuromorphic Computing and Beyond. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37224-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37224-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37223-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37224-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)