Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

CALPHAD Modeling and Microstructure Investigation of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn Alloys

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Magnesium Technology 2020

Part of the book series: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series ((MMMS))

  • 1879 Accesses

Abstract

In this study, CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) modeling was used to design and optimize Mg–Gd–Y–Zn alloys containing long period stacking order (LPSO) phases. The selected compositions were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction to identify major phases and determine their area fractions. It was seen in as-cast samples that a blocky LPSO 14H phase formed at the grain boundaries while a filament-type LPSO 14H formed in the Mg grains. As the rare earth (RE) and Zn concentrations increased, eutectic Zn-rich intermetallics and more of the RE-rich blocky LPSO formed along grain boundaries. After annealing, an increase in the Zn-rich intermetallic area fraction, decrease in bulky LPSO area fraction, and increase in filament-type LPSO were observed. In higher alloyed samples, a Zn- and Y-rich phase was observed that was not consistent with the predicted or reported phase. These results indicate the present CALPHAD databases well represent the LPSO 14H formation in the Mg–Gd–Y–Zn system studied and can be used to tailor the microstructure to potentially improve the strength and ductility in these alloys. Further investigation is needed to determine if the existing reliably databases model the other secondary phases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abe E, Kawamura Y, Hayashi K, Inoue A (2002) Long-period ordered structure in a high-strength nanocrystalline Mg-1 at% Zn-2 at% Y alloy studied by atomic-resolution Z-contrast STEM. Acta Mater 50(15):3845–3857

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kawamura Y, Kasahara T, Izumi S, Yamasaki M (2006) Elevated temperature Mg97Y2Cu1 alloy with long period ordered structure. Scripta Mater 55(5):453–456

    Google Scholar 

  3. Du XH, Duan GS, Hong M, Wang DP, Wu BL, Zhang YD, Esling C (2014) Effect of V on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–10Er–2Cu alloy with a long period stacking ordered structure. Mater Lett 122:312–314

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bi GL, Li YD, Huang XF, Chen TJ, Lian JS, Jiang ZH, Ma Y, Hao Y (2015) Deformation behavior of an extruded Mg–Dy–Zn alloy with long period stacking ordered phase. Mat Sci Eng A—Struct, 622:52–60

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kawamura Y, Yamasaki M (2007) Formation and Mechanical Properties of Mg97Zn1RE2 Alloys with Long-Period Stacking Ordered Structure. Mater Trans 48(11): 2986–2992

    Google Scholar 

  6. Datta A, Waghmare UV, Ramamurty U (2008) Structure and stacking faults in layered Mg–Zn–Y alloys: A first-principles study. Acta Mater 56(11): 2531–2539

    Google Scholar 

  7. Suzuki M, Kimura T, Koike J, Maruyama K (2003) Strengthening effect of Zn in heat resistant Mg–Y–Zn solid solution alloys. Scripta Mater 48(8):997–1002

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lu FM, Ma AB, Jiang JH, Yang DH, Zhou Q (2012) Review on long-period stacking-ordered structures in Mg–Zn–RE alloys. Rare Metals 31(3): 303–310

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kim JK, Jin L, Sandlöbes S, Raabe Dierk (2017) Diffusional-displacive transformation enables formation of long-period stacking order in magnesium. Sci Rep-UK https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04343-y

  10. Xu D, Han EH, Xu YB (2016) Effect of long-period stacking ordered phase on microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys: A review. Prog Nat Sci Mater 26(2): 117–128

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wang K, Wang JF, Huang S, Gao SQ, Guo SF, Liu SJ, Chen XH, Pan FS (2018) Enhanced mechanical properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Mn alloy by tailoring the morphology of long period stacking ordered phase. Mat Sci Eng A Struct 733: 267–275

    Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang S, Yuan GY, Lu C, Ding WJ (2011) The relationship between (Mg,Zn)3RE phase and 14H-LPSO phase in Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloys solidified at different cooling rates. J Alloy Compd 509(8): 3515–3521

    Google Scholar 

  13. Honma T, Ohkubo T, Kamado S, Hono K (2007) Effect of Zn additions on the age-hardening of Mg–2.0Gd–1.2Y–0.2Zr alloys. Acta Mater 55(12): 4137–4150

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yamada K, Okubo Y, Shiono M, Watanabe H, Kamado S, Kojima Y(2006) Alloy Development of High Toughness Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr Alloys. Mater Trans 47(4):1066–1070

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shi F, Wang CQ, Guo XF (2015) Microstructures and Properties of As-Cast Mg92Zn4Y4 and Mg92Zn4Y3Gd1 Alloys with LPSO Phase. Rare Metal Mat Eng 44(7): 1617–1622

    Google Scholar 

  16. Luo L, Liu Y, Duan M (2018) Phase Formation of Mg–Zn–Gd Alloys on the Mg-rich Corner. Materials 11(8): https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081351

  17. Hu YB, Zhang C, Zheng TX, Pan FS, Tang AT (2018) Strengthening Effects of Zn Addition on an Ultrahigh Ductility Mg–Gd–Zr Magnesium Alloy. Materials 11(10): https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101942

  18. Wen K, Liu K, Wang ZH, Li SB, Du WB (2016) Effect of pre-solution treatment on mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg96.9Zn0.43Gd2.48Zr0.15 alloy. Mat Sci Eng A Struct 674: 33–39

    Google Scholar 

  19. Matsuda M, Ando A, Nishida M (2005) Dislocation Structure in Rapidly Solidified Mg97Zn1Y2 Alloy with Long Period Stacking Order Phase. Mater Trans 46(2): 361–364

    Google Scholar 

  20. Luo AA (2015), Material Design and Development: from Classical Thermodynamics to CALPHAD and ICME Approaches. CALPHAD, 50: 6–22

    Google Scholar 

  21. Li YX, Yang CL, Zeng XQ, Jin PP, Qiu D, Ding WJ (2018) Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of magnesium alloys containing long period stacking ordered phase. Mater Charact 141: 286–295

    Google Scholar 

  22. Itoi T, Seimiya T, Kawamura Y, Hirohashi M (2004) Long period stacking structures observed in Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy. Scripta Mater 51(2): 107–111

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zhu YM, Morton A, Nie JF (2012) Growth and transformation mechanisms of 18R and 14H in Mg–Y–Zn alloys. Acta Mater 60(19): 6562–6572

    Google Scholar 

  24. Yamasaki M, Sasaki M, Nishijima M, Hiraga K, Kawamura Y (2007) Formation of 14H long period stacking ordered structure and profuse stacking faults in Mg–Zn–Gd alloys during isothermal aging at high temperature. Acta Mater 55(20): 6798–6805

    Google Scholar 

  25. Li B, Teng BG, Luo DG (2018) Effects of Passes on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr Alloy During Multidirectional Forging. Acta Metall Sin-Engl 31(10): 1009–1018

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yamasaki M, Anan T, Yoshimoto S, Kawamura Y (2005) Mechanical properties of warm-extruded Mg–Zn–Gd alloy with coherent 14H long periodic stacking ordered structure precipitate. Scripta Mater 53(7): 799–803

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wu J, Chiu YL, Jones IP (2014) Microstructure of as-cast Mg–4.2Zn–0.8Y (at.%) alloys containing Gd. J Phys Conf Ser 522: 8–12

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kishida K, Nagai K, Matsumoto A, Yasuhara A, Inui H (2015) Crystal structures of highly-ordered long-period stacking-ordered phases with 18R, 14H and 10H-type stacking sequences in the Mg–Zn–Y system. Acta Mater 99: 228–239

    Google Scholar 

  29. Garces G, Pérez P, Barea R, Medina J, Stark A, Schell N, Adeva P (2019) Increase in the Mechanical Strength of Mg–8Gd–3Y–1Zn Alloy Containing Long-Period Stacking Ordered Phases Using Equal Channel Angular Pressing Processing. Metals 9(2): https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020221

  30. Zhang JY, Xu M, Teng XY, Zuo M (2016) Effect of Gd addition on microstructure and corrosion behaviors of Mg–Zn–Y alloy. J Magnesium and Alloys 4: 319–325

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wang K, W JF, Huang S, Gao SQ, Guo SF, Liu SJ, Chen XH, Pan FS (2018) Enhanced mechanical properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Mn alloy by tailoring the morphology of long period stacking ordered phase. Mat Sci Eng A Struct 33: 267–275

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Terves LLC. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Vincent Hammond with ARL, Dr. William Meier of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Light Metals and Manufacturing Laboratory members at The Ohio State University for their insightful discussions. This material is based upon the work supported by the Army Contracting Command—Adelphi, MD under Contract No W911QX-18-P-0038. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ARL.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Janet Meier & Alan A. Luo

  2. Terves LLC, Euclid, OH, USA

    Josh Caris

Authors
  1. Janet Meier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Josh Caris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alan A. Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alan A. Luo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

    J. Brian Jordon

  2. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Victoria Miller

  3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

    Vineet V. Joshi

  4. IND LLC, South Jordan, UT, USA

    Neale R. Neelameggham

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Meier, J., Caris, J., Luo, A.A. (2020). CALPHAD Modeling and Microstructure Investigation of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn Alloys. In: Jordon, J., Miller, V., Joshi, V., Neelameggham, N. (eds) Magnesium Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36647-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation