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Conceiving of “Them” When Before There Was Only “Us”

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Archaeologies of the Heart

Abstract

Questions of identity are fundamental to even the most empirical of human evolutionary studies. These questions structure the hypotheses that we, as researchers, test in ways that we, as actors embedded in specific societal contexts, may not always be entirely aware of. Whether we approach the Neandertals as if they represent “Us” or “Them” is an important distinction, because it informs the framing of our null hypotheses. A heart-centered approach to the study of our evolutionary past that rejects the subject/object dichotomy can free us to recognize that the emotional resonance inherent in human evolutionary studies can be as much a strength of our discipline as a weakness. Viewing the Middle to Late Pleistocene record through this lens allows us to formulate hypotheses that follow logically from granting Neandertals a fundamental humanity and are not less testable than hypotheses formulated under the assumption that the Neandertals were not fundamentally human. We argue that it may be both enlightening and productive to expect cognitive and behavioral similarities between Neandertals and modern humans, rather than differences.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This hypothesis could have implications for the symbolic capabilities of Homo heidelbergensis, Denisovans, and other yet-to-be discovered hominin populations of the Middle to Late Pleistocene. Indeed, recent dates for jewelry and bone points at Denisova Cave suggest that the Denisovan inhabitants exhibited symbolic behavior (Douka et al. 2019).

  2. 2.

    Similar interpretations have been made for finds at Meged Rockshelter, an Upper Paleolithic site in Israel (Kuhn et al. 2004). These finds, being associated with anatomically modern humans, are not considered controversial.

  3. 3.

    A similar model has been proposed to explain the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in Middle Pleistocene hominins commonly referred to as Homo heidelbergensis (Dennell et al. 2014).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA

    Melanie L. Chang

  2. University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    April Nowell

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  1. Melanie L. Chang
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  2. April Nowell
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Correspondence to Melanie L. Chang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Kisha Supernant

  2. Department of Anthropology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Jane Eva Baxter

  3. Ursus Heritage Consulting Ltd, Coldstream, BC, Canada

    Natasha Lyons

  4. Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

    Sonya Atalay

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Chang, M.L., Nowell, A. (2020). Conceiving of “Them” When Before There Was Only “Us”. In: Supernant, K., Baxter, J.E., Lyons, N., Atalay, S. (eds) Archaeologies of the Heart. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36350-5_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36350-5_13

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36349-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36350-5

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