Abstract
Tremor is the most common movement disorder. Although it is often benign or easily manageable with medications, patients refractory to these treatments suffer from a disabling condition heavily impacting their quality of life. In these circumstances, surgical treatment can be considered, as it is highly effective. Currently, there are four surgical treatments available: deep brain stimulation, thalamotomy procedures with radiofrequency, radiosurgery, and focused ultrasound. Surgical treatment of tremor needs expertise with respect to the choice of procedure, patient selection, management in the postoperative course, and in tackling sometimes unforeseeable side effects. For the time being, DBS remains the most valid treatment option with respect to efficacy and safety.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akbostanci MC, Slavin KV, Burchiel KJ. Stereotactic ventral intermedial thalamotomy for the treatment of essential tremor: results of a series of 37 patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72:174–7.
Alomar S, King NKK, Tam J, Bari AA, Hamani C, Lozano AM. Speech and language adverse effects after thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation in patients with movement disorders: a meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2017;32:53–63.
Artusi CA, Farooqi A, Romagnolo A, et al. Deep brain stimulation in uncommon tremor disorders: indications, targets, and programming. J Neurol. 2018;265:2473–93.
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Kagnoff MN, Jimenez-Shahed J, Fekete R, Jankovic J. The safety and efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: 10 years and beyond. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;85:567–72.
Barbe MT, Liebhart L, Runge M, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus in patients with essential tremor: Stimulation below intercommissural line is more efficient but equally effective as stimulation above. Exp Neurol. 2011;230:131–7.
Barbe MT, Dembek TA, Becker J, et al. Individualized current-shaping reduces DBS-induced dysarthria in patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2014;82:614–9.
Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, Henry S, de Rougemont J. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;50:344–6.
Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gervason C, et al. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. Lancet. 1991;337:403–6.
Benabid AL, Pollak P, Hoffman D. Chronic high frequency stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. In: Koller WC, Paulson GW, editors. Therapy of Parkinson’s disease. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1994. p. 381–482.
Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018;33:75–87.
Blomstedt P, Hariz GM, Hariz MI, Koskinen LOD. Thalamic deep brain stimulation in the treatment of essential tremor: a long-term follow-up. Br J Neurosurg. 2007;21:504–9.
Blomstedt P, Sandvik U, Tisch S. Deep brain stimulation in the posterior subthalamic area in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1350–6.
Blomstedt P, Sandvik U, Hariz MI, et al. Influence of age, gender and severity of tremor on outcome after thalamic and subthalamic DBS for essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:617–20.
Borretzen MN, Bjerknes S, Saehle T, et al. Long-term follow-up of thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor—patient satisfaction and mortality. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:120.
Cagnan H, Pedrosa D, Little S, et al. Stimulating at the right time: phase-specific deep brain stimulation. Brain. 2017;140:132–45.
Calzetti S, Sasso E, Baratti M, Fava R. Clinical and computer-based assessment of long-term therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in essential tremor. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;81:392–6.
Chang WS, Jung HH, Kweon EJ, Zadicario E, Rachmilevitch I, Chang JW. Unilateral magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: practices and clinicoradiological outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;86:257–64.
Chen H, Smith M, Shadmehr R. Effects of deep brain stimulation on adaptive control of reaching. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;5:5445–8.
Coenen VA, Madler B, Schiffbauer H, Urbach H, Allert N. Individual fiber anatomy of the subthalamic region revealed with diffusion tensor imaging: a concept to identify the deep brain stimulation target for tremor suppression. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:1069–75; discussion 1075-1066.
Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Allert N, Mdler B. Diffusion tensor imaging and neuromodulation: DTI as key technology for deep brain stimulation. In: Emerging horizons in neuromodulation: new frontiers in brain and spine stimulation. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012. p. 28.
Coenen VA, Allert N, Paus S, Kronenburger M, Urbach H, Madler B. Modulation of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network in thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurosurgery. 2014;75:657–69; discussion 669-670.
Coenen VA, Varkuti B, Parpaley Y, et al. Postoperative neuroimaging analysis of DRT deep brain stimulation revision surgery for complicated essential tremor. Acta Neurochir. 2017;159:779–87.
Cooper IS. Dystonia musculorum deformans alleviated by chemopallidectomy and chemopallidothalamectomy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1959;81:5.
Cury RG, Fraix V, Castrioto A, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor in Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Neurology. 2017;89:1416–23.
Dallapiazza RF, Lee DJ, De Vloo P, et al. Outcomes from stereotactic surgery for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;90:474–82.
Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord. 1998;13(Suppl 3):2–23.
Eisinger RS, Wong J, Almeida L, et al. Ventral intermediate nucleus versus Zona incerta region deep brain stimulation in essential tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018;5:75–82.
Elias WJ, Huss D, Voss T, et al. A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:640–8.
Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, et al. A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:730–9.
Espay AJ, Lang AE, Erro R, et al. Essential pitfalls in “essential” tremor. Mov Disord. 2017;32:325–31.
Fasano A, Herzog J, Deuschl G. Selecting appropriate tremor patients for DBS. In: Bain P, Aziz T, Liu X, Nandi D, editors. Deep brain stimulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.
Fasano A, Herzog J, Raethjen J, et al. Gait ataxia in essential tremor is differentially modulated by thalamic stimulation. Brain. 2010;133:3635–48.
Fasano A, Daniele A, Albanese A. Treatment of motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease with deep brain stimulation. Lancet Neurol. 2012a;11:429–42.
Fasano A, Herzog J, Raethjen J, et al. Lower limb joints kinematics in essential tremor and the effect of thalamic stimulation. Gait Posture. 2012b;36:187–93.
Fasano A, Bove F, Lang AE. The treatment of dystonic tremor: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:759–69.
Fasano A, Hodaie M, Munhoz RP, Rohani M. SCA 35 presenting as isolated treatment-resistant dystonic hand tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017a;37:118–9.
Fasano A, Lozano AM, Cubo E. New neurosurgical approaches for tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017b;30:435–46.
Fasano A, De Vloo P, Llinas M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy in Parkinson tremor: reoperation after benefit decay. Mov Disord. 2018a;33:848–9.
Fasano A, Lang AE, Espay AJ. What is “essential” about essential tremor? A diagnostic placeholder. Mov Disord. 2018b;33:58–61.
Favilla CG, Ullman D, Wagle Shukla A, Foote KD, Jacobson CE, Okun MS. Worsening essential tremor following deep brain stimulation: disease progression versus tolerance. Brain. 2012;135:1455–62.
Fenoy AJ, Simpson RK. Risks of common complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: management and avoidance. J Neurosurg. 2014;120:132–9.
Fenoy AJ, Schiess MC. Deep brain stimulation of the Dentato-Rubro-thalamic tract: outcomes of direct targeting for tremor. Neuromodulation. 2017;20:429–36.
Fytagoridis A, Sandvik U, Åström M, Bergenheim T, Blomstedt P. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;83:258–62.
Fytagoridis A, Sandvik U, Astrom M, Bergenheim T, Blomstedt P. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:258–62.
Gallay MN, Moser D, Rossi F, et al. Incisionless transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound in essential tremor: cerebellothalamic tractotomy. J Therapeut Ultrasound. 2016:4.
Graff-Radford J, Foote KD, Mikos AE, et al. Mood and motor effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1040–6.
Graupe D, Basu I, Tuninetti D, Vannemreddy P, Slavin KV. Adaptively controlling deep brain stimulation in essential tremor patient via surface electromyography. Neurol Res. 2010;32:899–904.
Hariz MI, Shamsgovara P, Johansson F, Hariz G, Fodstad H. Tolerance and tremor rebound following long-term chronic thalamic stimulation for Parkinsonian and essential tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72:208–18.
Hariz MI, Krack P, Alesch F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation for parkinsonian tremor: a 6 year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:694–9.
Hashimoto T, Muralidharan A, Yoshida K, et al. Neuronal activity and outcomes from thalamic surgery for spinocerebellar ataxia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018;5:52–63.
Herzog J, Hamel W, Wenzelburger R, et al. Kinematic analysis of thalamic versus subthalamic neurostimulation in postural and intention tremor. Brain. 2007;130:1608–25.
Huss DS, Dallapiazza RF, Shah BB, Harrison MB, Diamond J, Elias WJ. Functional assessment and quality of life in essential tremor with bilateral or unilateral DBS and focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1937–43.
Kim M, Jung NY, Park CK, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW. Comparative evaluation of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for essential tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2017;95:279–86.
Kobayashi K, Katayama Y, Kasai M, Oshima H, Fukaya C, Yamamoto T. Localization of thalamic cells with tremor-frequency activity in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003;87:137–9.
Koegl-Wallner M, Katschnig-Winter P, Pendl T, et al. Tremor associated with Klinefelter syndrome--a case series and review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:323–7.
Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, Troster AI, Pahwa R. Long-term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001;16:464–8.
Kondziolka D, Ong JG, Lee JYK, Moore RY, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Gamma Knife thalamotomy for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2008;108:111–7.
Kooshkabadi A, Lunsford LD, Tonetti D, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D. Gamma Knife thalamotomy for tremor in the magnetic resonance imaging era. J Neurosurg. 2013;118:713–8.
Kronenbuerger M, Tronnier VM, Gerwig M, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation improves eyeblink conditioning deficits in essential tremor. Exp Neurol. 2008;211:387–96.
Kronenbuerger M, Zobel S, Ilgner J, et al. Effects of deep brain stimulation of the cerebellothalamic pathways on the sense of smell. Exp Neurol. 2010;222:144–52.
Lefranc M, Manto M, Merle P, et al. Targeting the red nucleus for cerebellar tremor. Cerebellum. 2014;13:372–7.
Lim S-Y, Hodaie M, Fallis M, Poon Y-Y, Mazzella F, Moro E. Gamma knife thalamotomy for disabling tremor. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:584–8.
Limousin P, Speelman JD, Gielen F, Janssens M. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:289–96.
Lipsman N, Schwartz ML, Huang Y, et al. MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:462–8.
Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010;25:534–41.
Louis ED, Agnew A, Gillman A, Gerbin M, Viner AS. Estimating annual rate of decline: prospective, longitudinal data on arm tremor severity in two groups of essential tremor cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:761–5.
Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Busenbark KL, Tröster AI, Wilkinson S, Koller WC. Improvements in daily functioning after deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for intractable tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13:690–2.
Malekmohammadi M, Herron J, Velisar A, et al. Kinematic adaptive deep brain stimulation for resting tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31:426–8.
Mandat T, Koziara H, Rola R, Bonicki W, Nauman P. Thalamic deep brain stimulation in the treatment of essential tremor. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2011;45:37–41.
Martino D, Espay AJ, Fasano A, Morgante F. Rhythmical involuntary movements (tremor and tremor-like conditions). In: Disorders of movement: a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2016. p. 207–63.
Matsumoto JY, Fossett T, Kim M, et al. Precise stimulation location optimizes speech outcomes in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;32:60–5.
Meng FG, Kao CC, Chen N, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for essential tremor. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126:395–6.
Merola A, Fasano A, Hassan A, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for orthostatic tremor: a multicenter international registry. Mov Disord. 2017;32:1240–4.
Moro E, Schwalb JM, Piboolnurak P, et al. Unilateral subdural motor cortex stimulation improves essential tremor but not Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2011;134:2096–105.
Murata JI, Kitagawa M, Uesugi H, et al. Electrical stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area for the treatment of intractable proximal tremor. J Neurosurg. 2003;99:708–15.
Nagaseki Y, Shibazaki T, Hirai T, et al. Long-term follow-up results of selective VIM-thalamotomy. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:296–302.
Nazzaro JM, Pahwa R, Lyons KE. Long-term benefits in quality of life after unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2012;117:156–61.
Niranjan A, Raju SS, Kooshkabadi A, Monaco E, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for essential tremor: Retrospective analysis of a 19-year experience. Mov Disord. 2017;32:769–77.
Obwegeser AA, Uitti RJ, Turk MF, Strongosky AJ, Wharen RE. Thalamic stimulation for the treatment of midline tremors in essential tremor patients. Neurology. 2000;54:2342–4.
Ohye C, Higuchi Y, Shibazaki T, et al. Gamma knife thalamotomy for Parkinson disease and essential tremor. Neurosurgery. 2012;70:526–36.
Oliveria SF, Rodriguez RL, Bowers D, et al. Safety and efficacy of dual-lead thalamic deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-refractory multiple sclerosis tremor: a single-centre, randomised, single-blind, pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:691–700.
Ondo WG, Almaguer M, Cohen H. Computerized posturography balance assessment of patients with bilateral ventralis intermedius nuclei deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord. 2006;21:2243–7.
Oyama G, Thompson A, Foote KD, et al. Deep brain stimulation for tremor associated with underlying ataxia syndromes: a case series and discussion of issues. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014;4:228.
Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Comparison of thalamotomy to deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001;16:140–3.
Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term evaluation of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:506–12.
Park YS, Jung NY, Na YC, Chang JW. Four-year follow-up results of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2019;34:727–34.
Paschen S, Forstenpointner J, Becktepe J, et al. Long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: an observer-blinded study. Neurology. 2019;92(12):e1378–86.
Pedrosa DJ, Auth M, Pauls KAM, et al. Verbal fluency in essential tremor patients: the effects of deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation. 2014;7:359–64.
Peng-Chen Z, Morishita T, Vaillancourt D, et al. Unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor demonstrates long-term ipsilateral effects. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:1113–7.
Picillo M, Moro E, Edwards M, Di Lazzaro V, Lozano AM, Fasano A. Subdural continuous theta burst stimulation of the motor cortex in essential tremor. Brain Stimul. 2015;8:840–2.
Picillo M, Lozano AM, Kou N, Munhoz RP, Fasano A. Programming deep brain stimulation for tremor and dystonia: the Toronto Western Hospital algorithms. Brain Stimul. 2016;9:438–52.
Pilitsis JG, Metman LV, Toleikis JR, Hughes LE, Sani SB, Bakay RAE. Factors involved in long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2008;109:640–6.
Plaha P, Patel NK, Gill SS. Stimulation of the subthalamic region for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:48–54.
Plaha P, Khan S, Gill SS. Bilateral stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus for tremor control. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:504–13.
Plaha P, Javed S, Agombar D, et al. Bilateral caudal zona incerta nucleus stimulation for essential tremor: outcome and quality of life. Journal of Neurology. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:899–904.
Putzke JD, Wharen RE Jr, Obwegeser AA, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: recommendations for long-term outcome analysis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004;31:333–42.
Rehncrona S, Johnels B, Widner H, Törnqvist A-L, Hariz M, Sydow O. Long-term efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor: double-blind assessments. Mov Disord. 2002;18:163–70.
Reich MM, Brumberg J, Pozzi NG, et al. Progressive gait ataxia following deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: adverse effect or lack of efficacy? Brain. 2016;139:2948–56.
Reinacher PC, Amtage F, Rijntjes M, et al. One pass thalamic and subthalamic stimulation for patients with tremor-dominant idiopathic Parkinson syndrome (OPINION): protocol for a randomized, active-controlled, double-blinded pilot trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2018;7:e36.
Rodriguez Cruz PM, Vargas A, Fernandez-Carballal C, Garbizu J, De La Casa-Fages B, Grandas F. Long-term thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: clinical outcome and stimulation parameters. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2016;3:567–72.
Rohani M, Fasano A. Focused ultrasound for essential tremor: review of the evidence and discussion of current hurdles. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017;7:462.
Rothstein TL. A late complication of gamma knife radiosurgery. Rev Neurol Dis. 2010;7:150–1; discussion 157-159.
Sajonz BE, Amtage F, Reinacher PC, et al. Deep brain stimulation for tremor tractographic versus traditional (DISTINCT): study protocol of a randomized controlled feasibility trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;e244:5.
Sammartino F, Krishna V, King NKK, et al. Tractography-based ventral intermediate nucleus targeting: novel methodology and intraoperative validation. Mov Disord. 2016;31:1217–25.
Sandoe C, Krishna V, Basha D, et al. Predictors of deep brain stimulation outcome in tremor patients. Brain Stimul. 2018;11:592–9.
Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PMM, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:461–8.
Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Merkus MP, Speelman JD. Long-term follow-up of thalamic stimulation versus thalamotomy for tremor suppression. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1146–53.
Shahzadi S, Tasker RR, Lozano A. Thalamotomy for essential and cerebellar tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1995;65:11–7.
Shih LC, LaFaver K, Lim C, Papavassiliou E, Tarsy D. Loss of benefit in VIM thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for essential tremor (ET): How prevalent is it? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:676–9.
Siderowf A, Gollump SM, Stern MB, Baltuch GH, Riina HA. Emergence of complex, involuntary movements after gamma knife radiosurgery for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001;16:965–7.
Sitsapesan HA, Holland P, Oliphant Z, et al. Deep brain stimulation for tremor resulting from acquired brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:811–5.
Sweet WH, Mark VH, Hamlin H. Radiofrequency lesions in the central nervous system of man and cat. J Neurosurg. 1960;17:213–25.
Sydow O. Multicentre European Study of thalamic stimulation in essential tremor: a six year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1387–91.
Teixeira MJ, Cury RG, Galhardoni R, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the dentate nucleus improves cerebellar ataxia after cerebellar stroke. Neurology. 2015;85:2075–6.
Tuleasca C, Witjas T, Najdenovska E, et al. Assessing the clinical outcome of Vim radiosurgery with voxel-based morphometry: visual areas are linked with tremor arrest! Acta Neurochir. 2017;159:2139–44.
Wang D, Sanchez J, Foote KD, et al. Failed DBS for palliation of visual problems in a case of oculopalatal tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:71–3.
Witjas T, Carron R, Krack P, et al. A prospective single-blind study of Gamma Knife thalamotomy for tremor. Neurology. 2015;85:1562–8.
Young RF, Jacques DB, Mark R, Copcutt B. 794 Gamma Knife medial thalamotomy for treatment of chronic pain: long-term results. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:534.
Young RF, Li F, Vermeulen S, Meier R. Gamma Knife thalamotomy for treatment of essential tremor: long-term results. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:1311–7.
Zaaroor M, Sinai A, Goldsher D, Eran A, Nassar M, Schlesinger I. Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for tremor: a report of 30 Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor cases. J Neurosurg. 2018;128:202–10.
Zackowski KM, Bastian AJ, Hakimian S, et al. Thalamic stimulation reduces essential tremor but not the delayed antagonist muscle timing. Neurology. 2002;58:402–10.
Zesiewicz TA, Elble R, Louis ED, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for essential tremor: report of the quality standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2005;64:2008–20.
Zhang K, Bhatia S, Oh MY, Cohen D, Angle C, Whiting D. Long-term results of thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:1271–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fasano, A., Coenen, V.A. (2020). Tremor. In: Temel, Y., Leentjens, A., de Bie, R., Chabardes, S., Fasano, A. (eds) Fundamentals and Clinics of Deep Brain Stimulation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36346-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36346-8_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36345-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36346-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)