Abstract
This work shows an application of statistical learning methodologies in order to determine the important factors for malware detection. Support Vector Machines and Lasso Regression performed Malware classification with additional re-sampling methods. The results show that the Lasso Regression allows an efficient selection of relevant variables for the construction of the classifier, also the integration of support vector machines improves the efficiency of the classifier through the application of resampling methods. The model presented in this paper uses a statistical learning approach through the selection of variables, non-linear classification, and resampling methods.
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Appendices
Annex I. Variables
Variable | Description |
|---|---|
transact | API call signature |
onServiceConnected | API call signature |
bindService | API call signature |
attachInterface | API call signature |
ServiceConnection | API call signature |
android.os.Binder | API call signature |
SEND_SMS | Manifest Permission |
Ljava.lang.Class.getCanonicalName | API call signature |
Ljava.lang.Class.getMethods | API call signature |
Ljava.lang.Class.cast | API call signature |
Ljava.net.URLDecoder | API call signature |
android.content.pm.Signature | API call signature |
android.telephony.SmsManager | API call signature |
READ_PHONE_STATE | Manifest Permission |
getBinder | API call signature |
ClassLoader | API call signature |
Landroid.content.Context.registerReceiver | API call signature |
Ljava.lang.Class.getField | API call signature |
Landroid.content.Context.unregisterReceiver | API call signature |
GET_ACCOUNTS | Manifest Permission |
RECEIVE_SMS | Manifest Permission |
Ljava.lang.Class.getDeclaredField | API call signature |
READ_SMS | Manifest Permission |
getCallingUid | API call signature |
Ljavax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec | API call signature |
android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED | Intent |
USE_CREDENTIALS | Manifest Permission |
MANAGE_ACCOUNTS | Manifest Permission |
android.content.pm.PackageInfo | API call signature |
KeySpec | API call signature |
TelephonyManager.getLine1Number | API call signature |
DexClassLoader | API call signature |
HttpGet.init | API call signature |
SecretKey | API call signature |
Ljava.lang.Class.getMethod | API call signature |
System.loadLibrary | API call signature |
android.intent.action.SEND | API call signature |
Ljavax.crypto.Cipher | API call signature |
WRITE_SMS | Manifest Permission |
READ_SYNC_SETTINGS | Manifest Permission |
AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNTS | Manifest Permission |
android.telephony.gsm.SmsManager | API call signature |
WRITE_HISTORY_BOOKMARKS | Manifest Permission |
TelephonyManager.getSubscriberId | API call signature |
mount | Commands signature |
INSTALL_PACKAGES | Manifest Permission |
Runtime.getRuntime | API call signature |
CAMERA | Manifest Permission |
Ljava.lang.Object.getClass | API call signature |
WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS | Manifest Permission |
READ_HISTORY_BOOKMARKS | Manifest Permission |
Ljava.lang.Class.forName | API call signature |
INTERNET | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_REPLACED | Intent |
Binder | API call signature |
android.intent.action.SEND_MULTIPLE | Intent |
RECORD_AUDIO | Manifest Permission |
IBinder | API call signature |
android.os.IBinder | API call signature |
createSubprocess | API call signature |
NFC | Manifest Permission |
ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS | Manifest Permission |
URLClassLoader | API call signature |
WRITE_APN_SETTINGS | Manifest Permission |
abortBroadcast | API call signature |
BIND_REMOTEVIEWS | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.TIME_SET | Intent |
READ_PROFILE | Manifest Permission |
TelephonyManager.getDeviceId | API call signature |
MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS | Manifest Permission |
getCallingPid | API call signature |
READ_SYNC_STATS | Manifest Permission |
BROADCAST_STICKY | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_REMOVED | Intent |
android.intent.action.TIMEZONE_CHANGED | Intent |
WAKE_LOCK | Manifest Permission |
RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED | Manifest Permission |
RESTART_PACKAGES | Manifest Permission |
Ljava.lang.Class.getPackage | API call signature |
chmod | Commands signature |
Ljava.lang.Class.getDeclaredClasses | API call signature |
android.intent.action.ACTION_POWER_DISCONNECTED | Intent |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_ADDED | Intent |
PathClassLoader | API call signature |
TelephonyManager.getSimSerialNumber | API call signature |
Runtime.load | API call signature |
TelephonyManager.getCallState | API call signature |
BLUETOOTH | Manifest Permission |
READ_CALENDAR | Manifest Permission |
READ_CALL_LOG | Manifest Permission |
SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_WRITE | Manifest Permission |
READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE | Manifest Permission |
TelephonyManager.getSimCountryIso | API call signature |
sendMultipartTextMessage | API call signature |
PackageInstaller | API call signature |
VIBRATE | Manifest Permission |
remount | Commands signature |
android.intent.action.ACTION_SHUTDOWN | Intent |
sendDataMessage | API call signature |
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE | Manifest Permission |
chown | Commands signature |
HttpPost.init | API call signature |
Ljava.lang.Class.getClasses | API call signature |
SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READ | Manifest Permission |
TelephonyManager.isNetworkRoaming | API call signature |
CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_CALENDAR | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_DATA_CLEARED | Intent |
MASTER_CLEAR | Manifest Permission |
HttpUriRequest | API call signature |
UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_CALL_LOG | Manifest Permission |
DELETE_PACKAGES | Manifest Permission |
GET_TASKS | Manifest Permission |
GLOBAL_SEARCH | Manifest Permission |
DELETE_CACHE_FILES | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_USER_DICTIONARY | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_CHANGED | Intent |
android.intent.action.NEW_OUTGOING_CALL | Intent |
REORDER_TASKS | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_PROFILE | Manifest Permission |
SET_WALLPAPER | Manifest Permission |
BIND_INPUT_METHOD | Manifest Permission |
divideMessage | API call signature |
READ_SOCIAL_STREAM | Manifest Permission |
READ_USER_DICTIONARY | Manifest Permission |
PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS | Manifest Permission |
CALL_PRIVILEGED | Manifest Permission |
Runtime.exec | API call signature |
BIND_WALLPAPER | Manifest Permission |
RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH | Manifest Permission |
DUMP | Manifest Permission |
BATTERY_STATS | Manifest Permission |
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION | Manifest Permission |
SET_TIME | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.SENDTO | Intent |
WRITE_SOCIAL_STREAM | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_SETTINGS | Manifest Permission |
REBOOT | Manifest Permission |
BLUETOOTH_ADMIN | Manifest Permission |
TelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator | API call signature |
/system/bin | Commands signature |
MessengerService | API call signature |
BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_GSERVICES | Manifest Permission |
IRemoteService | API call signature |
KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES | Manifest Permission |
SET_ALARM | API call signature |
ACCOUNT_MANAGER | API call signature |
/system/app | Commands signature |
android.intent.action.CALL | Intent |
STATUS_BAR | Manifest Permission |
TelephonyManager.getSimOperator | API call signature |
PERSISTENT_ACTIVITY | Manifest Permission |
CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE | Manifest Permission |
onBind | API call signature |
Process.start | API call signature |
android.intent.action.SCREEN_ON | Intent |
Context.bindService | API call signature |
RECEIVE_MMS | Manifest Permission |
SET_TIME_ZONE | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.BATTERY_OKAY | Intent |
CONTROL_LOCATION_UPDATES | Manifest Permission |
BROADCAST_WAP_PUSH | Manifest Permission |
BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE | Manifest Permission |
ADD_VOICEMAIL | Manifest Permission |
CALL_PHONE | Manifest Permission |
ProcessBuilder | API call signature |
BIND_APPWIDGET | Manifest Permission |
FLASHLIGHT | Manifest Permission |
READ_LOGS | Manifest Permission |
Ljava.lang.Class.getResource | API call signature |
defineClass | API call signature |
SET_PROCESS_LIMIT | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_RESTARTED | Intent |
MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS | Manifest Permission |
BIND_TEXT_SERVICE | Manifest Permission |
INSTALL_LOCATION_PROVIDER | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.CALL_BUTTON | Intent |
android.intent.action.SCREEN_OFF | Intent |
findClass | API call signature |
SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW | Manifest Permission |
MOUNT_FORMAT_FILESYSTEMS | Manifest Permission |
CHANGE_CONFIGURATION | Manifest Permission |
CLEAR_APP_USER_DATA | Manifest Permission |
intent.action.RUN | Intent |
android.intent.action.SET_WALLPAPER | Intent |
CHANGE_WIFI_STATE | Manifest Permission |
READ_FRAME_BUFFER | Manifest Permission |
ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER | Manifest Permission |
Runtime.loadLibrary | API call signature |
BROADCAST_SMS | Manifest Permission |
EXPAND_STATUS_BAR | Manifest Permission |
INTERNAL_SYSTEM_WINDOW | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.BATTERY_LOW | Intent |
SET_ACTIVITY_WATCHER | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_CONTACTS | Manifest Permission |
android.intent.action.ACTION_POWER_CONNECTED | Intent |
BIND_VPN_SERVICE | Manifest Permission |
DISABLE_KEYGUARD | Manifest Permission |
ACCESS_MOCK_LOCATION | Manifest Permission |
GET_PACKAGE_SIZE | Manifest Permission |
MODIFY_PHONE_STATE | Manifest Permission |
CHANGE_COMPONENT_ENABLED_STATE | Manifest Permission |
CLEAR_APP_CACHE | Manifest Permission |
SET_ORIENTATION | Manifest Permission |
READ_CONTACTS | Manifest Permission |
DEVICE_POWER | Manifest Permission |
HARDWARE_TEST | Manifest Permission |
ACCESS_WIFI_STATE | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE | Manifest Permission |
ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | Manifest Permission |
SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS | Manifest Permission |
SET_PREFERRED_APPLICATIONS | Manifest Permission |
WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS | Manifest Permission |
class | B = Benign |
Annex II. Coefficients of Lasso Regression
Variable | Coefficient |
|---|---|
createSubprocess | 0.264244253 |
SEND_SMS | 0.258899979 |
INTERNET | 0.207230368 |
android.telephony.gsm.SmsManager | 0.202311101 |
android.telephony.SmsManager | 0.170603554 |
CONTROL_LOCATION_UPDATES | 0.167463464 |
chmod | 0.129396768 |
DELETE_CACHE_FILES | 0.128579622 |
SET_TIME | 0.126521959 |
READ_SMS | 0.124454019 |
READ_HISTORY_BOOKMARKS | 0.12137216 |
HttpUriRequest | 0.118544076 |
ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS | 0.113866999 |
MODIFY_PHONE_STATE | 0.105379828 |
WRITE_SOCIAL_STREAM | 0.097755195 |
SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READ | 0.096845453 |
WRITE_PROFILE | 0.094601544 |
Runtime.exec | 0.086924025 |
DUMP | 0.083824425 |
READ_PHONE_STATE | 0.083395724 |
UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS | 0.083345931 |
TelephonyManager.getLine1Number | 0.079018974 |
SecretKey | 0.074446082 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getResource | 0.074278545 |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_RESTARTED | 0.072230441 |
PERSISTENT_ACTIVITY | 0.070560713 |
android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED | 0.066059447 |
TelephonyManager.getDeviceId | 0.065452464 |
CLEAR_APP_CACHE | 0.065119831 |
TelephonyManager.getSubscriberId | 0.064089987 |
WRITE_HISTORY_BOOKMARKS | 0.063187614 |
SET_ALARM | 0.062644562 |
BIND_WALLPAPER | 0.061718151 |
SET_ORIENTATION | 0.061584459 |
onBind | 0.057236584 |
remount | 0.052002868 |
SET_WALLPAPER | 0.050447888 |
GLOBAL_SEARCH | 0.050315561 |
divideMessage | 0.042985093 |
android.intent.action.BATTERY_LOW | 0.039620621 |
DexClassLoader | 0.038455601 |
X.system.bin | 0.037747743 |
mount | 0.037456259 |
android.intent.action.NEW_OUTGOING_CALL | 0.036929947 |
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION | 0.036554244 |
findClass | 0.036472269 |
ACCESS_WIFI_STATE | 0.035110756 |
SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW | 0.034679765 |
SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS | 0.032870177 |
PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS | 0.031816527 |
MANAGE_ACCOUNTS | 0.030118538 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getMethod | 0.029238659 |
AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNTS | 0.029026365 |
android.intent.action.CALL_BUTTON | 0.028889754 |
defineClass | 0.028221046 |
READ_FRAME_BUFFER | 0.023514533 |
PackageInstaller | 0.018827645 |
KeySpec | 0.018161017 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getDeclaredField | 0.016860114 |
WRITE_APN_SETTINGS | 0.016567216 |
intent.action.RUN | 0.015230216 |
BLUETOOTH | 0.013431058 |
android.intent.action.BATTERY_OKAY | 0.013242983 |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_ADDED | 0.010809145 |
HARDWARE_TEST | 0.010537673 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getPackage | 0.010420027 |
getCallingPid | 0.009211549 |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_CHANGED | 0.008287811 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getClasses | 0.008147411 |
WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE | 0.006609881 |
RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH | 0.006325588 |
PathClassLoader | 0.005271246 |
CHANGE_WIFI_STATE | 0.004566972 |
FLASHLIGHT | 0.004039508 |
Ljava.lang.Class.forName | 0.003478003 |
android.intent.action.TIMEZONE_CHANGED | 0.001800096 |
READ_SOCIAL_STREAM | 0.001715007 |
DISABLE_KEYGUARD | 0.000932628 |
BIND_INPUT_METHOD | 0.000500278 |
GET_TASKS | 0.000274389 |
BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE | −0.00026438 |
RESTART_PACKAGES | −0.00148047 |
android.os.IBinder | −0.00279385 |
TelephonyManager.getSimCountryIso1 | −0.00288437 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getField | −0.00296154 |
IBinder | −0.00342076 |
BROADCAST_SMS | −0.00398095 |
SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_WRITE | −0.00454201 |
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE | −0.00459926 |
bindService | −0.00471922 |
READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE | −0.00519205 |
android.intent.action.SENDTO | −0.00563882 |
Ljava.lang.Class.cast | −0.00718701 |
STATUS_BAR | −0.0093266 |
REBOOT | −0.00970475 |
NFC | −0.00980768 |
android.os.Binder | −0.01051688 |
CHANGE_CONFIGURATION | −0.01179464 |
RECEIVE_SMS | −0.01204579 |
BLUETOOTH_ADMIN | −0.0139069 |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_DATA_CLEARED | −0.01435001 |
X.system.app | −0.01479621 |
BIND_APPWIDGET | −0.01481123 |
getBinder | −0.01611587 |
WAKE_LOCK | −0.01650988 |
TelephonyManager.getCallState | −0.01720881 |
BROADCAST_STICKY | −0.01764756 |
TelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator | −0.01889666 |
WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS | −0.01918746 |
WRITE_USER_DICTIONARY | −0.01993922 |
KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES | −0.02030457 |
android.intent.action.SEND | −0.02039022 |
READ_SYNC_SETTINGS | −0.0208841 |
android.content.pm.PackageInfo | −0.02119871 |
Landroid.content.Context.registerReceiver | −0.02174869 |
READ_CONTACTS | −0.02274993 |
CAMERA | −0.02403828 |
RECORD_AUDIO | −0.02466568 |
TelephonyManager.getSimSerialNumber | −0.02478753 |
chown | −0.02591173 |
abortBroadcast | −0.02719413 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getCanonicalName | −0.0271965 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getMethods | −0.02771707 |
IRemoteService | −0.02791817 |
CALL_PHONE | −0.03090892 |
android.intent.action.SCREEN_ON | −0.03210006 |
BROADCAST_WAP_PUSH | −0.03226206 |
HttpPost.init | −0.03234517 |
WRITE_SMS | −0.0324788 |
TelephonyManager.getSimOperator | −0.03469507 |
android.intent.action.ACTION_POWER_DISCONNECTED | −0.03616017 |
BATTERY_STATS | −0.0364922 |
android.intent.action.SCREEN_OFF | −0.03728614 |
INSTALL_LOCATION_PROVIDER | −0.03791462 |
READ_SYNC_STATS | −0.03810809 |
attachInterface | −0.03829324 |
Ljavax.crypto.Cipher | −0.03949882 |
INSTALL_PACKAGES | −0.03961002 |
android.intent.action.SET_WALLPAPER | −0.04164843 |
MASTER_CLEAR | −0.04187666 |
onServiceConnected | −0.04191473 |
Process.start | −0.04247342 |
transact | −0.04265317 |
ProcessBuilder | −0.04321857 |
GET_PACKAGE_SIZE | −0.04354681 |
USE_CREDENTIALS | −0.04364622 |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_REMOVED | −0.04367305 |
Landroid.content.Context.unregisterReceiver | −0.04397466 |
WRITE_CALL_LOG | −0.04446323 |
CALL_PRIVILEGED | −0.04503315 |
READ_LOGS | −0.04560355 |
WRITE_CONTACTS | −0.04869014 |
ACCOUNT_MANAGER | −0.05009465 |
Ljava.lang.Class.getDeclaredClasses | −0.05091621 |
Ljava.lang.Object.getClass | −0.0509497 |
android.intent.action.PACKAGE_REPLACED | −0.05162474 |
WRITE_SETTINGS | −0.05171949 |
CLEAR_APP_USER_DATA | −0.05230378 |
GET_ACCOUNTS | −0.05414448 |
WRITE_CALENDAR | −0.05974735 |
System.loadLibrary | −0.06144877 |
MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS | −0.06205213 |
ADD_VOICEMAIL | −0.06566482 |
TelephonyManager.isNetworkRoaming | −0.06653053 |
READ_PROFILE | −0.06791394 |
ACCESS_MOCK_LOCATION | −0.06795926 |
Binder | −0.06942009 |
CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE | −0.07220123 |
RECEIVE_MMS | −0.0792903 |
URLClassLoader | −0.07967425 |
Ljavax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec | −0.08006777 |
android.intent.action.ACTION_SHUTDOWN | −0.08283051 |
WRITE_GSERVICES | −0.08450157 |
MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS | −0.08603744 |
android.intent.action.TIME_SET | −0.08665047 |
Context.bindService | −0.08838194 |
CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE | −0.08942738 |
HttpGet.init | −0.09067209 |
ClassLoader | −0.09084002 |
CHANGE_COMPONENT_ENABLED_STATE | −0.10764022 |
Ljava.net.URLDecoder | −0.10774214 |
Runtime.load | −0.10884032 |
ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER | −0.11486367 |
READ_CALL_LOG | −0.12663504 |
BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN | −0.13304341 |
SET_ACTIVITY_WATCHER | −0.15191197 |
SET_TIME_ZONE | −0.18878256 |
SET_PROCESS_LIMIT | −0.19163698 |
sendMultipartTextMessage | −0.34691918 |
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Rodriguez-Aguilar, R., Marmolejo-Saucedo, J.A. (2020). Statistical Learning Applied to Malware Detection. In: Hemanth, D., Kose, U. (eds) Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics in Engineering Problems. ICAIAME 2019. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 43. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36178-5_22
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36178-5_22
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